小儿便血原因错综复杂,一文帮你理清!

2018-06-11 于秋燕 刘柱 山东省妇幼保健院消化内镜

本文将综述小儿便血常见原因,为临床医生提供参考,也给家长提供指导

临床中,我们时常会遇到便血患儿,因为内镜检查的局限性使得许多便血未能确诊,给诊治带来了一定的困惑。

小儿便血主要是由下消化道出血引起,可发生于小儿各年龄段,病因复杂,引起婴儿慢性便血最常见的原因是食物过敏性结直肠炎,其次是肠道感染、结直肠息肉等。而儿童消化道出血,结直肠息肉是最常见病因,其次是结肠炎。

下消化道病变

(一)慢性便血

1.直肠息肉:是小儿便血的最常见原因,小儿消化道出血超过60%的病因是结直肠息肉引起的。儿童肠息肉多发于2-8岁。一般息肉较大,直径多在0.5~3.0cm之间,90%左右的病理类型为幼年性息肉,属于良性病变,也有发生恶变的病例报道。便血特点为排便终了时出现鲜血,量少,不与粪便混杂。首选结肠纤维镜辅助检查,并且可以在肠镜下微创手术治疗。

2.新生儿牛奶蛋白过敏症:牛奶蛋白过敏症新生儿期2~28d均可发生,出生后10d左右出现临床表现者居多[1]。轻者表现为便血、腹泻、腹胀、呕吐等消化道症状,严重者发生营养不良、低蛋白血症、贫血等。治疗方面停用可疑致敏食物及应用蛋白水解奶粉、肠黏膜保护剂、微生态制剂及白三烯拮抗剂。母乳喂养患儿的母亲膳食中应回避含有过敏蛋白食物(牛奶、鸡蛋、花生、鱼、海鲜、坚果、大豆等高危致敏食物)。配方奶喂养的患儿首选深度水解奶粉或游离氨基酸奶粉。

3.炎症性肠病:包括克罗恩病(CD)和溃疡性结肠炎(UC),CD最常见症状为腹痛,以脐周和(或)右下腹为主,多呈阵发性、痉挛性疼痛,大便性状为黑便;UC最常见表现为腹泻,如合并腹痛,排便前后多见,且部位不固定,大便性状为脓血便。早期诊断时应注意:注意家族史、生长发育史 及体格检查(身高、体重、骨龄、口腔、肛门、直肠等);应对患儿行胃肠镜、消化道造影、腹部B超检查等[2]。

4.肠结核:小儿肠结核发生率较低,多为溃疡型,可有便血,回盲部多为好发部位。早期结核往往症状缺乏特异性,有的仅表现腹泻,发热,腹痛,伴或不伴呕吐,易误诊为胃肠炎,导致延迟治疗。当患儿长期腹泻或脓血便,并按肠炎、菌痢等治疗症状无好转时,要考虑肠结核的可能。结核菌素试验阴性不能排除肠结核,当疑为肠结核时应摄胸片以助诊断,并仔细询问病史,结核接触史[3]。治疗主要以抗结核药物联合化疗。

5.血管瘤:病变部位多位于小肠,其病变微小、隐匿,诊断起来相对较困难。可大量便血,但大多为长期少量便血,伴贫血症状,如果小儿长期小细胞低色素性贫血,在排除钩虫病及营养性贫血后,应考虑小肠血管瘤的可能[4]。

(二)急性便血

1.急性肠套叠:急性肠套叠是婴儿期最常见的急腹症,也是婴儿期特有的疾病。60%以上发生在1岁内,4~l0个月婴儿多见。腹痛、腹内肿物、便血(果酱样便)为三大典型症状。患儿突然无故剧烈哭闹,时哭时停。诊断重点在于“肿物”,可触及,通过B超基本可确诊。早期行空气灌肠可立即复位,晚期或已超过24-48小时行低压钡灌肠,当诊断为完全性肠梗阻时需要手术。

2.急性坏死性肠炎:急性坏死性肠炎发病率较低,主要发病人群为4~12岁儿童,常于夏秋季急性起病,患儿主要表现为便血(暗红色并有腥臭味)、发热、肠音亢进、腹膜炎等症状。腹部X线检查可见肠管扩张失去张力,腹腔穿刺有脓性或血性液体,血常规白细胞异常增高。当发生肠坏死、肠穿孔,或肠梗阻症状无缓解时,必须立即采取手术治疗,部分病人预后不良。

3.美克尔憩室:是一种先天性肠道畸形,是由于发育异常而在肠壁上形成的囊状物,多见于2岁以内的小儿。该病平时一般都无任何症状,发病特点为突然排大量血便,先黑后红。若出血量多,可引起休克,反复便血可导致贫血。有憩室炎时,表现为右下腹疼痛,和阑尾炎类似,还可能出现肠梗阻、肠套叠等并发症。术前诊断往往较困难,通过超声检查、核素扫描、X线钡餐造影有助于美克尔憩室的诊断,本病以手术治疗为宜[5]。

4.感染性肠炎:感染性肠炎便血多为血与大便相混,并有粘液的脓血便,而且会伴有腹疼、发热等症状。通常有不洁饮食史,通过大便常规进行诊断。

肛管直肠

1.肛裂:肛裂多见于2岁左右的婴幼儿。便血特点为量少,鲜红色,覆盖于大便表面。排便时或排便后肛门剧烈疼痛难忍为典型症状,孩子解大便时会哭闹不安,大便干硬。引起肛裂的原因有许多种,如先天性肛门狭窄、排干硬大便时撕裂肛门,以及肛门损伤或感染等。治疗肛裂,平时要经常清洗肛门。保持肛周清洁并涂搽润滑药物,保持大便通畅。

2.肛管直肠损伤:小儿便秘导致大便过于粗硬,可擦破肛管直肠粘膜,引起少量便血,色鲜红,覆盖于大便表面。一般来说,这种损伤愈合较快,出血不久自止。

3.婴幼儿直肠黏膜脱垂:患儿多瘦弱,有明显脱肛史,直肠外翻,与尿布摩擦后有渗血,量可较多、较鲜红,嵌顿后渗血为暗紫红色,回纳后血可渐止,严重者可行肛周无水酒精注射[6]。

全身性疾病

1.过敏性紫癜:常有腹痛、便血,同时伴有呕吐。除此之外,还有皮肤瘀点瘀斑、关节肿痛等症状。胃镜检查可见十二指肠黏膜上较多出血点。

2.特发性血小板减少性紫癜:全身可见瘀点瘀斑,鼻出血、牙龈出血多见,也可出现便血、呕血和血尿。出血严重者可有贫血。血常规提示血小板明显减少。

3.流行性出血热:有一定的流行地区和季节起病急,小儿发热,面红如酒醉状,头痛,眼眶病,腰背痛.严重者有休克和急性肾功能衰竭,消化道出血可致呕血或便血。

4.新生儿凝血功能障碍:多见于维生素K缺乏,血友病或血管性血友病等。表现为生产造成严重颅内或头皮血肿,脐带渗血等。

上消化道疾病

小儿上消化道出血在临床上并不少见,以消化性溃疡最多,占38.9%,其次为急性胃粘膜病变及十二指肠球炎。另外,胃食管返流、食管裂孔疝、门静脉高压、息肉等疾病,均可以引起消化道出血而产生便血[7]。

小儿胃肠镜结肠镜可以清晰直观地看到消化道黏膜病变,显示胃肠腔内的形态结构,可进行肠黏膜活检、镜下治疗等其他诊断手段无法比拟的优势。对于无明显诱因出现的消化道出血患儿,若无禁忌证,应常规行胃镜、结肠镜检查,以明确出血原因,及时给予治疗,以免延误病情。

原始出处:

[1] 何薇,郑玲芳.新生儿牛奶蛋白过敏症40例的诊治分析[J].中国妇幼健康研究,2014(4):670-671.

[2] 沈惠青,王惠玲,申芳娥.儿童炎症性肠病53例临床分析[J].中国实用儿科杂志,2003(11):667-670.

[3] 缪士星,盛锦云.小儿肠结核误诊为菌痢2例报告[J].临床儿科杂志,1992(04):286-287.

[4] 杨宏宇,陈国玉,章希炜.肠道血管畸形的诊断和治疗[J].中华胃肠外科杂志,2003(02):108-110.

[5] 严文波,祝明洁,施诚仁,潘伟华,金惠明,余世耀.小儿美克尔憩室的临床病理[J].实用医学杂志,2005(16):1826-1827.

[6] 陈志远.小儿便血的临床特点分析(附63例报告)[J].中国保健,2010(7):43-44.

[7] 吴秋珍.急诊胃镜诊治上消化道出血86例临床体会[J].中华消化内镜杂志,2005,22(1):42-42.

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    感谢!详细明了!

    0

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    2018-06-13 huangdf
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    2018-06-12 秀红

    学习了

    0

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    2018-06-12 易水河

    很好的学习资料

    0

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    2018-06-12 飛歌

    厉害了我的哥

    0

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    2018-06-12 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-06-11 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢分享.

    0

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    2018-06-11 zdvfsadb

    学习了

    0

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    2018-06-11 happsf

    学习了

    0

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    2018-06-11 changjiu

    学习一下谢谢

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