Nat Med:新进展:血液检测能够准确鉴别不同类型的脑肿瘤

2020-06-25 转化医学网 转化医学网

最近,加拿大的研究人员一项新研究证实,不需要组织样本,只需血液检测就能够准确鉴别不同类型的脑肿瘤。

最近,研究人员发现了一种简单但高度敏感的血液检测,可以准确诊断和分类不同类型的脑瘤,能够为患者提供更准确、侵入更少的治疗计划。

这项发现在2020年6月22日发表在《自然医学》(Nature Medicine)上,题为“Detection and discrimination of intracranial tumors using plasma cell-free DNA methylomes”。该研究描述了一种非侵入性且简单的方法来对脑肿瘤进行分类。这项研究实际上当天也在著名的美国癌症研究协会2020年年会开幕式全体会议上发表,题目为:将科学转化为救生护-理。

不变治疗脑癌的一个主要挑战是准确诊断不同类型的脑癌,从显微镜下看起来几乎正常的低级肿瘤到侵袭程度不等的肿瘤。癌症的分级用于判断预后,并协助制定治疗计划。

目前基于分子信息诊断和确定脑癌亚型的方法依赖于侵入性手术技术获取组织标本,这是一个高风险的过程,也会引起患者的焦虑。

在不需要组织样本的情况下诊断和分类脑瘤类型的能力是革命性的,实践也在发生变化。在某些情况下,甚至可能不需要手术。

Krembil大脑研究所的医学主任、玛格丽特公主癌症中心的外科肿瘤学主任、资深科学家、外科教授格拉雷·扎德(Gelareh Zadeh)表示,“如果我们有一个更好、更可靠的方法诊断和肿瘤亚型,这将对我们如何治疗这些癌症以及如何计划治疗产生巨大影响。”

扎德博士与玛格丽特公主癌症中心的资深科学家丹尼尔·德·卡瓦略(Daniel De Carvalho)博士一起工作。丹尼尔·德·卡瓦略博士是将癌症表观遗传学应用于早期检测、分类和新的治疗干预的世界领导者。

扎德·卡瓦略博士的实验室专门研究一种名为DNA甲基化的表观遗传修饰,它在细胞内基因表达的调节(开启或关闭基因)中发挥着重要作用。在癌细胞中,DNA甲基化模式被破坏,导致不受控制的癌细胞生长。

扎德·卡瓦略博士之前开发了一种基于DNA甲基的液体活检方法来分析血液中成千上万的这些DNA分子的表观遗传改变。这些片段被称为循环肿瘤DNA或ctDNA。将这种新技术与机器学习相结合,他的团队能够开发出一种高度敏感和准确的检测方法来检测和分类多种实体肿瘤。

扎德博士和德卡瓦略博士决定使用同样的方法来进行颅内肿瘤分类这一具有挑战性的应用。临床医生和科学家通过比较病人脑癌病理肿瘤样本和分析221名病人血浆中的游离DNA,追踪癌症的起源和类型。

利用这种方法,他们能够将血浆循环ctDNA与肿瘤DNA进行匹配,从而证实他们能够识别这些患者血液中循环的脑瘤DNA。然后,利用机器学习的方法,他们开发了一个计算机程序,仅根据循环的肿瘤DNA来分类脑瘤类型。

扎德博士表示,在此之前,由于血脑屏障不透水,人们认为不可能通过验血检测出任何脑癌。血脑屏障存在于大脑的血管和组织之间,保护大脑免受血液中的任何毒素的伤害。但由于这项测试在检测血液中哪怕是少量高度特异性的肿瘤来源信号方面非常敏感,现在有了一种新的、非侵入性的方法来检测和区分常见的脑肿瘤,长期以来一直被认为是不可能的。

加拿大研究主席、多伦多大学副教授丹尼尔·德·卡瓦略博士在癌症表观遗传学补充说,识别肿瘤特异性改变的领域与新ctDNA,更敏感的测试在各种身体等血液和尿液是目前的一个转折点,因为先进的技术可以检测和分析甚至最小的特异的分子特征的痕迹从大量的循环肿瘤DNA片段。

德?卡瓦略博士表示,“在全基因组范围内绘制表观遗传修饰图谱的可能性,结合强大的计算方法,已经把我们带到了这个临界点,通过分析表观改变和基因突变来描述肿瘤的分子特性,让我们对肿瘤的改变特征有了更全面的了解,并为更具体、更敏感和不确定肿瘤的测试提供了可能性。”

德?卡瓦略博士和他来自哈佛大学(Harvard University)达纳-法伯癌症研究所(Dana-Farber Cancer Institute)的合作者在2020年6月22日发表在《自然医学》(Nature Medicine)杂志上的一篇论文中表示,同样的血液检测可以通过从血浆或尿液中提取的循环细胞游离DNA准确识别肾癌。

原始出处:

Nassiri, F., Chakravarthy, A., Feng, S. et al. Detection and discrimination of intracranial tumors using plasma cell-free DNA methylomes. Nat Med (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0932-2

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研究人员表示,除胶质母细胞瘤外,Fli-1的表达在黑素瘤,卵巢癌,乳腺癌和其他癌症中也可见到,这表明阻断Fli-1的促癌作用也可能对其他癌症患者有所帮助。

不开颅,激光间质热疗(LITT)怎么一步步精准去除脑肿瘤?

现代医学科技的进步!一文了解激光下精准消融脑肿瘤的世界前沿新技术。

PNAS:新发现:抗疟疾药物苯芴醇有望治疗脑肿瘤

导言:多形性胶质母细胞瘤是胶质瘤(GBM)的一种,是属于恶性程度最高的脑肿瘤之一。胶质瘤是颅内最常见的恶性肿瘤,可以占所有颅内肿瘤的百分之40到50%。目前的治疗标准包含放疗和替莫唑胺,能够在一定程度

Sci Transl Med:烟酸可能有助于免疫系统对抗脑肿瘤

近日,加拿大卡尔加里大学卡明医学院(CSM)的研究人员在《科学转化医学》杂志上发表了一项新研究,发现烟酸与化学疗法结合可以帮助免疫细胞攻击胶质母细胞瘤(一种脑肿瘤),从而大大减慢小鼠疾病的进程。