药品集采需把握好与市场共舞的节奏

2019-01-23 廖化 中国医疗保险

2018年年尾,“4+7城市药品集中采购”可以说在整个医药行业中掀起了翻天巨浪,目前正在推动11个城市落地实施。日前,在《中国医疗保险》杂志社举办的第19期青年药政论坛上,相关专家围绕“药品集中采购及实施”做了深入的解读。小保很受教益,感觉药品集中采购与实施就像政府与市场的一种共舞,节奏的协调最重要。

2018年年尾,“4+7城市药品集中采购”可以说在整个医药行业中掀起了翻天巨浪,目前正在推动11个城市落地实施。日前,在《中国医疗保险》杂志社举办的第19期青年药政论坛上,相关专家围绕“药品集中采购及实施”做了深入的解读。小保很受教益,感觉药品集中采购与实施就像政府与市场的一种共舞,节奏的协调最重要。

总的来说,这次采购可以理解为医保部门的一次打包团购,是在广阔市场上拿出部分量来做一个特殊的邀约,在医保资金有限的情况下,通过追求更高性价比,为社会提供更好的药品供应保障服务。 此次中选药品价格平均降幅达到52%,最高降幅超过90%,引起了全行业的震动,展示了联盟采购、带量采购的力量。企业拼价应标的动力可能主要来自两点:一是独家中标机制;二是及时还款的承诺。 

独家中标的杀伤力很大,企业降价幅度超过许多人的预期,有担忧的声音认为应该多家中标,防止独家中标导致医药服务市场形成垄断或断供。集中采购机制显然注意到了这一点,只拿出11个城市的部分市场,另外的市场留给了其他企业竞争,相当于给市场留了“出气孔”。这样做有很多好处,很大程度上了避免了单一货源的风险,也避免若多家中标,企业应标积极性不高的尴尬。但试点的影响是深远的,未试点地区、未中选品种会不会跟进?会不会全国价格联动?目前还不能完全评估,但为了确保“出气孔”的作用,上海药事所为此专门出函:不建议价格联动。 

及时还款的承诺,将显著降低企业占款和融资的成本。既往包含在销售价格中的销售费用、市场推广成本等“水分”就没有存在必要了。有利于生产企业从“带金销售”的无序竞争中解放出来,将努力方向转移到提升药品质量、促进药品研发的正确轨道上来。有地方卫健委已经出手:严查公立医院拖欠货款,半年内还清,不得新增欠款。目前看来,这次招标采购的配套政策和部门联动是比较积极的。 

集中采购的难点在落地实施,其中的关键是能否监管好医院。 有专家认为,在医疗领域存在严重的市场失灵现象,性价比越高的产品越卖不出去。对医院来说,是花医保的钱,为参保患者办事,这也是第三方支付容易导致道德风险的通病。单个的医生,单个的医院是有操守的,但在政策制定层面,面对的是医生和医院这个集体,一定要从它道德高危的角度来考虑问题,政策才有可行性。 如何确保医院完成中标品种的采购量?有专家认为,必须实行无条件准入,医院不得以任何理由把中标品种剔除在外。比如,用不完规定的采购量就扣掉相应的医保总额(为了不影响医院正常的医疗行为,采购量是打折的,比如上年实际销售额的6折),也给医院留下自由空间,降低落实难度。还可以对院长、医生设定相关的考核指标。 

此外,实施中还需要处理好以下几个问题。 结余留用问题。 医院希望以节省的基金直接拨付医院作为调动医生工作积极性的手段。但在医保部门看来,这存在基金管理合法性的问题,将面临来自财政、审计等部门的压力。如何在双方的博弈中既满足临床一线工作者的预期,又在合法合规的基础上实现留用政策的突破?比如,设计一个项目,既符合医保基金支出的规定,同时调动医院的积极性,且不加重患者的负担。 几个平衡问题。 由于采购价格不宜全面铺开,这会导致一些不平衡: 

一是 试点地区与非试点地区药品价格不平衡。容易形成价格洼地,导致患者跨地区购药现象及衍生出来的问题。

二是 医院和药店药品价格不平衡。医院药价比药店更低,可能导致患者涌入公立医院开药,一定程度上会加大医院服务载荷和统筹基金支出风险。医保可否通过协议管理要求药店公开药价,以信息手段实现医院和药店药品价格信息的协同共享?

三是 不同性质医院药品价格不平衡。比如,民营医疗机构若不执行,仍按原报销政策报销,而公立医疗机构的非中选药品按梯度报销或限额报销,那么民营医院的非中选品种报销政策将大幅优于公立医疗机构,如何平衡这种政策层面的待遇差异? 总的来说,带量采购落地的时候要考虑各方面的利益,医保基金使用要符合规范,医院要有积极性,患者要用得到合适的药品,企业有生存的空间。并不是说带量采购结束了,企业的价格竞争就结束了,还在竞争,还可能出现比带量采购更低的价格。

有一线工作的专家指出,4+7带量采购实际上中选的是绝对量,不是占比。也就是说,中选的是2017年的60%(约数),到2019年就不一定是60%了。企业可以通过营销、价格调整,争取更多的市场。作为医保来说,更多的希望是百花齐放,希望患者有多层次的消费选择。 

此外,市场除了竞争机制,还有一个试错机制,也非常重要,不能忽视。试错机制是对失败者的保护,让他们有调整自己、重新参与竞争的机会,这对社会发展非常有意义。 制药产业界有个形象的比喻:原研药相当于一头大肥猪,利用领跑优势帮企业赚了好多钱;仿制药是一群后来的饿狼,不断追赶前面的大肥猪,希望分食领跑者的利益。这样,这个市场上前面有肥猪领跑,后面有饿狼追赶,医药产业才会越来越强,才是健康的竞争市场。 有专家认为,国内仿制药通过一致性评价后,相当于饿狼已经站在起跑线上了,千万不能因为招标采购,一不小心把它们全干掉了,那样我们的国内制药产业就没有未来了。下一步,国家药品集中采购也需要设置好试错机制,让中标失败的企业还有参与竞争的机会

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    2019-07-21 xsm929
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    2019-01-25 zt123

    nznsbsbbsnsnsnnsns

    0

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    2019-01-24 zt123

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