Nature子刊:CAR-T治疗全球专利格局深度分析

2021-02-14 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

癌症免疫疗法是一类通过激活免疫系统来治疗癌症的方法。

癌症免疫疗法是一类通过激活免疫系统来治疗癌症的方法。随着肿瘤免疫疗法的快速发展,细胞疗法因其在血液系统癌症中的高临床缓解率而引起了广泛关注。自2018年以来,细胞疗法超越癌症相关疫苗,获得了更高的缓解率,尤其是嵌合抗原受体T (CAR-T)疗法在全球细胞疗法竞赛中处于领先地位。

CAR-T是一种经过基因修饰的T细胞,通过向患者DNA中导入编码CAR的基因对T细胞进行修饰,T细胞增殖后回输患者体内表达CAR,从而启动人体自然宿主防御机制,对靶细胞进行杀伤,从而达到比普通T细胞更强的定位攻击肿瘤细胞的能力。

2017年,美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准了两种CAR-T细胞疗法——Kymria和Yescarta,从而成为了开启肿瘤免疫学领域的里程碑事件。美国医疗保险和医疗补助服务中心于2019年8月7日对FDA批准的CAR-T疗法在全国的覆盖范围进行了确定,发现来自英国和日本的国家健康保险在过去两年中已超越了Kymriah。

根据美国专利商标局(USPTO)的数据,CAR-T专利在过去十年中呈现出急剧增长,平均发展速度为2.09,而专利人口的基线水平为1.05。然而,在这个快速增长的领域,还没有进行全面的专利分析。

与传统的小分子药物及抗体药物相比, CAR-T技术的专利布局更为复杂,涉及基础研究、工业制备、临床使用等多个环节。为此,通过专利扫描,来自澳门大学胡元佳教授团从“时间-空间-组织-技术”四个维度综合分析了CAR-T的全球专利布局,首次提供了该领域的专利技术“航拍图”。结果发表在最新的Nature biotechnology杂志上。

为了实现上述研究目标并避免专利全景报告中的常见缺陷,研究人员采用了RIPL的标准,参考了PRISMA来收集全球范围内与CAR-T相关的所有专利文件。随后通过Gephi软件平台和Cytoscape来分析不同的专利网络。

最初从数据库中搜索获得15718份专利文件。在排除了明显无关的专利、CAR-NK细胞专利、TCR-T专利以及重复记录后,共12431份专利纳入研究。

结果显示,前20名CAR-T发明者分别位于美国、英国和法国。其中,CAR-T的创造者之一、美国的Carl H. June是获得专利最多的人;其次是来自英国的Martin Pule和Shaun Cordoba。而在公司专利权方面,美国宾夕法尼亚大学、制药公司百时美施贵宝以及瑞士诺华公司分别位列前三。

唯一挤进前20强专利拥有权的中国公司为科济生物医药有限公司,排名第18位。

进一步使用Cytoscape来分析不同的专利网络显示,CAR-T领域的机构之间存在明显的跨区域合作。其中最为明显的就是来自美国的几家大学和制药公司,相互之间形成了强大而又密切的合作关系,位居全球领衔地位。欧洲排名最领先的法国和英国也同样如此。

另一方面,中国的CAR-T研究发展不算早,但速度却十分迅速。目前,我国已成为全球第一的专利公开国、全球第二的专利权属国。然而,我们还是可以发现,我们与欧美强国还有很大差距——专利权机构虽然数量多,但规模小、缺乏合作和国际布局,导致在全球研发网络中处于边缘位置。

同时,中国的专利制度对其他国家进入中国也有很大影响。中国正在考虑创新型开发商能否在进入市场之前在中国获得专利批准,以阻止潜在的竞争对手。

最后,研究人员指出,CAR-T技术卓越的临床疗效所带来的经济效益,以及中国庞大的人口基数所带来的市场需求,已经引起了全世界研究者和公司的极大热情和兴趣。

 

参考文献:

Lyu L, et al. The global chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy patent landscape. Nat Biotechnol. 2020 Dec;38(12):1387-1394. doi: 10.1038/s41587-020-00749-8.

 

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    2021-02-26 仁者大医
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    2021-05-02 liye789132251
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    2021-02-15 医鸣惊人

    认真学习了

    0

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    2021-02-15 carrotlyl

    好方向

    0