Cell Stem Cell:争端之下,人类胚胎基因编辑该怎么走?

2017-10-07 倪思洁 科学网

自从“基因剪刀”伸向人类胚胎,一场伦理争议随之而起,对于科学界来说,未来基因编辑技术该何去何从?


自从“基因剪刀”伸向人类胚胎,一场伦理争议随之而起,对于科学界来说,未来基因编辑技术该何去何从?

北京时间10月6日,《细胞·干细胞》杂志在线发表了中国科学院广州生物医药健康研究院研究员裴端卿与九位国际知名学者联合署名的论述文章,综述了科学界对人类基因编辑尤其是可遗传的胚胎基因编辑发展的详细指导意见,同时阐述了人类胚胎基因编辑对于胚胎发育等基础研究的重要推动作用,以及国际学术合作对潜在临床应用的重要意义。

文章认为,虽然存在种种限制,人类胚胎基因编辑技术可以有效推动人类胚胎发育学的研究。如果对于人类胚胎研究的限制进一步合理放开,科学界将能够取得更大的成果。

基因编辑是指对“生物的整套遗传物质——基因组”进行精确地插入、敲除和改变。随着技术手段的快速发展,科学家尝试将基因编辑技术应用于基础研究以及疾病治疗和预防中,比方说,用于预防后代的遗传病等。近年来,“基因剪刀”CRISPR/ Cas9系统的出现,让基因编辑比以前更加准确和灵活,也因此被《科学》杂志评为2015年度科学突破。

然而,当CRISPR/ Cas9第一次被用来编辑人类胚胎基因组时,一场全世界范围的激烈辩论开始了。2015年1月,基因编辑领域内的科学家提出并讨论关于人类基因编辑的科学、伦理以及监管问题。如何平衡潜在利益与意外伤害风险;如何管理这些技术的应用;如何将社会价值融入临床和政治考量;如何尊重不可避免的民族文化差异成为讨论焦点。

基于此,2015年12月,美国国家科学院、美国国家医学院、中国科学院以及英国皇家学会联合召开了人类基因编辑的国际峰会。峰会召集了22位各领域的专家组成人类基因编辑委员会,就人类基因编辑的科学技术、伦理与监管开展全面研究。

历时14个月,今年2月14日,委员会发表了人类基因编辑的报告书,明确人类基因编辑研究的科学、伦理与监管基本原则,并提出了可遗传生殖系统基因编辑的10条规范标准。标准指出,可遗传生殖系统基因编辑只有在缺乏其他可行治疗办法时使用;仅限于预防某种严重疾病;仅限于编辑已经被证实会致病或强烈影响疾病的基因等。

在报告书发表几个月后,由裴端卿执笔,人类基因编辑委员会的10位专家于北京时间10月6日联合在《细胞·干细胞》杂志上发表的文章,再次重申了报告书中的重要点,并提供了关于可遗传的基因编辑的一些澄清和新想法。

文章认为,随着近期关于人类胚胎基因编辑的深入,人们对于人类胚胎基因编辑的理解正在加深。这些理解可能在未来几年对世界范围内的人类胚胎基因编辑研究提供新的思路和研究基础,也可能引起对2017年1月的报告书的补充和修改。但无论如何,这些前沿性研究均可以有力地推动人类胚胎基因编辑的研究并加深公众对相关研究的理解。

与此同时,文章提出,国际合作可以有效摆脱人类胚胎基因编辑研究中受到的经费,地域性政策,胚胎资源以及重复性研究的限制,从而更加有效的推动可遗传型基因编辑的安全性和有效性研究。

他们建议,成立学术联合会可以协调国际合作,并可以推动科学研究向着四个方向努力——完成包含调控网络的人类胚胎发育的细胞谱系图;绘制从受精卵到原肠胚的人类胚胎单细胞解剖图;完善胚胎发育中遗传缺陷的数据库;建立服务于人类胚胎研究的共享工具和资源平台。

原始出处:

Duanqing Pei, David W. Beier, Ephrat Levy-Lahad,et al.Human Embryo Editing: Opportunities and Importance of Transnational Cooperation.Cell Stem Cell.Volume 21, Issue 4, p423–426, 5 October 2017

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    2017-10-20 维他命
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    2017-10-09 ailian1202
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    2017-10-07 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    学习了.谢谢分享.

    0

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    2017-10-07 Y—xianghai

    学习了新知识

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