Nature Reviews Drug Discovery:攻克实体瘤,CAR-T疗法还需面对哪些挑战?

2021-06-01 “生物世界”公众号 “生物世界”公众号

近日,Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 发表了一篇综述,针对CAR-T疗法治疗实体瘤遇到的挑战和解决策略进行了深度分析。

CAR-T疗法已是当下免疫疗法中最热门的领域之一。截至目前,美国FDA已经批准了5款CAR-T疗法上市,用于治疗多种类型的血液癌症。然而,相对于在血液肿瘤中的快速发展,其在实体瘤领域的应用一直难以突破现有局限,间接性阻碍了该疗法在癌症治疗领域的进步与发展。

近日,Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 发表了一篇综述,针对CAR-T疗法治疗实体瘤遇到的挑战和解决策略进行了深度分析。

简单来说:选择合适的靶标和嵌合抗原受体、克服肿瘤微环境的免疫抑制有望成为CAR-T疗法攻克实体瘤的新方向。

寻找合适的“靶标”

CAR-T,即嵌合抗原受体T细胞免疫疗法。简单来说,CAR-T就是把病人的免疫T细胞在体外通过生物技术改造,令其识别肿瘤细胞表面的抗原,然后把这些细胞输回病人体内,达到识别、杀死癌细胞的治疗效果。

CAR-T细胞治疗流程

其中,CAR-T疗法在临床上最大的困境在于“子弹”嵌合抗原受体(CAR)如何打到“靶标”特异性抗原上。对于CAR-T疗法来说,合适的靶标是决定它们的疗效和安全性的主要原因,如果这些靶标表达在健康组织上,那么CAR-T疗法即使与正确的靶标结合,也可能因为杀伤健康细胞而产生强烈的毒副作用。

在实体瘤治疗方面,找到一个只在肿瘤中表达而不在健康组织中表达的特异性靶标十分困难。Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 的综述文章中指出,靶向多个不同靶标的CAR-T疗法在临床试验中出现过严重的毒副作用。

CAR-T疗法在临床试验中出现过因为与非肿瘤组织表达的靶标结合产生的毒副作用(参考资料[1])

目前在治疗实体瘤方面,在研细胞疗法靶向的“热门”靶标包括HER2、EGFR、间皮素(mesothelin)、NY-ESO-1、PSMA等等。其中NY-ESO-1属于癌症睾丸抗原(CTA),它通常只在睾丸或卵巢组织中表达,然而在多种癌症中,这种抗原会重新开始表达。因此,它为T细胞疗法提供了一种特异性强,而毒副作用弱的靶标抗原。

另外,在2020年11月,Science 子刊曾发表了一篇来自英国研究团队的研究文章,报告了12例神经母细胞瘤儿童患者在接受了一种靶向GD2的CAR-T细胞治疗后的临床结果,结果显示出积极的临床抗肿瘤活性,并且该治疗具有良好的耐受性,无脱靶毒性,但没有达到客观的临床反应。

改造易误杀的“子弹”

除了寻找特异性强的靶标以外,提高CAR-T疗法特异性的另一个方法是对CAR-T细胞表达的受体进行改造,从而增强它们识别肿瘤细胞的能力。

近期,美国加州大学旧金山分校(UCSF)的研究人员设计了一种“智能”的CAR-T细胞。通过设计一个两步正反馈电路,给CAR-T细胞加了一个开关,可让其根据S型曲线抗原密度阈值来区分靶标,从而避免CAR-T细胞对表达低水平肿瘤抗原的正常细胞误杀,也为攻克实体瘤提供了一个关键性工具。

相关成果发表在 Science 上,详情:CAR-T攻克实体瘤的质的飞跃,只杀癌细胞,不伤健康细胞

除了上述研究外,科学家们还设计了多种其它的“分子开关”,它们的作用包括让CAR-T细胞能够识别多种不同的抗原;在识别健康细胞表达的抗原后失活;或者可以通过药物调控CAR-T细胞的活性。这些对CAR-T细胞的改造都有助于提高它们治疗实体瘤时的特异性并降低毒副作用。

克服肿瘤微环境的免疫抑制

实体瘤与血液癌症相比,一个重要的不同点是实体瘤周围形成的肿瘤微环境(TME)。

肿瘤微环境中包含着多种具有免疫抑制能力的细胞,例如调节性T细胞、肿瘤相关巨噬细胞等等,以及过度表达TGFβ、IL-10、IL-4等具有免疫抑制能力的细胞因子。而这一环境则容易导致CAR-T细胞迁移和持久性不佳、细胞功能受损以及细胞衰竭,从而导致治疗效力不佳。

实体瘤肿瘤微环境中可能影响CAR-T细胞效力的多种因素

为了克服肿瘤微环境的影响,科学家们发现CAR-T细胞和免疫检查点阻断的联合免疫治疗将会是下一个免疫治疗的前沿,因为它提供了强大免疫反应所必需的两个要素:

1)浸润肿瘤的CAR-T细胞;

2)PD-1/PD-L1阻断,可确保维持T细胞的持久性和功能。

2020年12月,宾夕法尼亚大学医学院的研究团队在 Nature Cancer 杂志上在线发表了一项新的研究发现,将CAR-T细胞与PAK4抑制剂药物结合使用,可使这种工程细胞穿透并攻击肿瘤,从而显着增强了小鼠的存活率。

2021年3月,北卡罗来纳大学莱恩伯格综合癌症中心的研究团队也发现,将CAR-T细胞疗法结合干扰素基因刺激蛋白(STING)激活剂可以增强工程化T细胞治疗小鼠乳腺癌的能力。相关内容发表在 Journal of Experimental Medicine 杂志上。

另外,科学家们还发现CRISPR基因编辑技术将成为改造CAR-T疗法的新工具。此前,Tmunity公司利用基因编辑敲除T细胞中的内源T细胞受体(TCR)和PD-1受体,然后再表达靶向NY-ESO-1抗原的TCR。利用这一技术开发的TCR细胞疗法已经在临床试验中表现出积极的疗效。CRISPR基因编辑技术不但有可能帮助敲除可能影响T细胞疗法功能的基因,而且可以作为筛选工具,发现目前未知的全新T细胞功能调控因子。

结语

CAR-T疗法攻克实体瘤治疗中的局限,可以说是目前该领域面临的最紧迫的挑战之一。事实上,全球约90%的癌症病例是实体肿瘤,未满足的临床需求仍十分巨大。但一直以来,与血液肿瘤相比,实体瘤上缺乏选择性和高表达的表面抗原,抗原异质性,免疫抑制性微环境,以及实体瘤厚实的物理屏障等因素,使得经静脉注射的CAR-T细胞不仅难以进入肿瘤并以战胜癌症所需的数量与肿瘤结合,也难以在肿瘤病灶形成的不利微环境中生存,并有效发挥作用。

目前,科学家拥有多种调节CAR-T疗法特性的工具,对它们的特异性、可控性、安全性、以及效力做出改进,有望支持CAR-T疗法攻克实体瘤治疗需面对的多重障碍。我们期待,CAR-T疗法早日攻克治疗实体瘤面对的挑战,为更多患者造福。

原始出处:

Hou, A.J., Chen, L.C. & Chen, Y.Y. Navigating CAR-T cells through the solid-tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Drug Discov (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-021-00189-2.

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    2021-11-14 yahu
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07:07:29 CST 2021, time=2021-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. 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encodeId=edf31e81430b0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8ce8405907' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAR-#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4059, encryptionId=8ce8405907, topicName=CAR-)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e886, createdName=仁者大医, createdTime=Mon Apr 11 15:07:29 CST 2022, time=2022-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1587915, encodeId=1d64158e915fe, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cb1e1006ebd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ISC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10067, encryptionId=cb1e1006ebd, topicName=ISC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=173417575755, createdName=yankaienglish, createdTime=Wed Jun 02 07:07:29 CST 2021, time=2021-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1783718, encodeId=fa4b1e83718c1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d195513038' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#cover#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5130, encryptionId=d195513038, topicName=cover)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=52c7237, createdName=yahu, createdTime=Sun Nov 14 17:07:29 CST 2021, time=2021-11-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1862350, encodeId=0a4b186235048, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1f0e626267' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Drug#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6262, encryptionId=1f0e626267, topicName=Drug)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=baf586, 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encodeId=edf31e81430b0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8ce8405907' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAR-#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4059, encryptionId=8ce8405907, topicName=CAR-)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e886, createdName=仁者大医, createdTime=Mon Apr 11 15:07:29 CST 2022, time=2022-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1587915, encodeId=1d64158e915fe, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cb1e1006ebd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ISC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10067, encryptionId=cb1e1006ebd, topicName=ISC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=173417575755, createdName=yankaienglish, createdTime=Wed Jun 02 07:07:29 CST 2021, time=2021-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. 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encodeId=edf31e81430b0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8ce8405907' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAR-#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4059, encryptionId=8ce8405907, topicName=CAR-)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e886, createdName=仁者大医, createdTime=Mon Apr 11 15:07:29 CST 2022, time=2022-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1587915, encodeId=1d64158e915fe, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cb1e1006ebd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ISC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10067, encryptionId=cb1e1006ebd, topicName=ISC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=173417575755, createdName=yankaienglish, createdTime=Wed Jun 02 07:07:29 CST 2021, time=2021-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-11-24 liye789132251
  7. 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  8. 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encodeId=edf31e81430b0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8ce8405907' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAR-#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4059, encryptionId=8ce8405907, topicName=CAR-)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e886, createdName=仁者大医, createdTime=Mon Apr 11 15:07:29 CST 2022, time=2022-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1587915, encodeId=1d64158e915fe, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cb1e1006ebd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ISC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10067, encryptionId=cb1e1006ebd, topicName=ISC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=173417575755, createdName=yankaienglish, createdTime=Wed Jun 02 07:07:29 CST 2021, time=2021-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-04-11 仁者大医
  9. 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encodeId=edf31e81430b0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8ce8405907' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAR-#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4059, encryptionId=8ce8405907, topicName=CAR-)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e886, createdName=仁者大医, createdTime=Mon Apr 11 15:07:29 CST 2022, time=2022-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1587915, encodeId=1d64158e915fe, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cb1e1006ebd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ISC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10067, encryptionId=cb1e1006ebd, topicName=ISC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=173417575755, createdName=yankaienglish, createdTime=Wed Jun 02 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    2021-06-02 yankaienglish

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