一例儿童马耳他布鲁氏菌血流感染病例分享

2022-06-02 张炽伦 何嘉麟 广东省中山市博爱医院检验科 “检验医学”公众号

本病例为11岁儿童,没有疫区生活史,没有无牛羊等牲畜密切接触史,临床症状以咳嗽、反复发热为主,曾在当地医院予“头孢唑啉钠”治疗,无好转,现分享如下。

前 言

布鲁氏菌病是由布鲁氏菌属引起的一种人畜共患的急、慢性变态反应性传染病[1]。本病多发于我国西北和东北的牧区和半农半牧区,多发于有畜牧接触史中年人,临床症状以反复发热、多汗、关节痛、头痛、肌痛、乏力和肝、脾、淋巴结肿大为主[2]。

本病例为11岁儿童,没有疫区生活史,没有无牛羊等牲畜密切接触史,临床症状以咳嗽、反复发热为主,曾在当地医院予“头孢唑啉钠”治疗,无好转,现分享如下。

案例经过

患儿,男,11岁,于6天前无明显诱因出现阵发性连声咳嗽,有痰,难咳出,3天前反复出现发热,最高体温38.7℃,无寒战、抽搐,1天前出现躯干皮疹,间有一痒。患儿体温反复,曾在当地医院予“头孢唑啉钠”治疗,无好转,为进一步诊治,5月6日遂拟“支气管炎”收住我院。

入院查体:体温:38℃,查体躯干可见粟粒样红疹,浅表淋巴结无肿大。咽充血,扁桃体肿大。无多汗、关节痛、头痛、肌痛、乏力、淋巴结肿大和厌食。

实验检查结果:血常规:白细胞3.6×109/L,血红蛋白140g/L,淋巴细胞比例52.3%,CRP 55.07mg/L,丙氨酸氨基转移酶33U/L,天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶44U/L,肌酸激酶107U/L,降钙素原0.04ng/ml,血沉:20mm/h,血涂片细胞学检查:可见异型淋巴细胞。

5月9日血培养瓶报告阳性,培养时间为3天,革兰染色涂片后镜下可见细小革兰氏球杆菌,呈“沙滩状”,遂向临床报告危急值,并转种血平板和麦康凯平板,见图1。

图1 革兰氏染色1000X

5月10日血平板未见细菌生长,麦康凯平板未见细菌生长。怀疑是否是流感嗜血杆菌,加转种血平板与巧克力平板。

5月11日血平板上仅可见少量针尖样细菌生长,巧克力与麦康凯皆未见细菌生长,排除流感嗜血杆菌可能性。

5月12日血平板上可见少量圆形灰白色菌落,遂上机鉴定,见图2。

图2 培养3天的布鲁氏菌

5月13日VITEK-2Compact全自动细菌鉴定仪鉴定结果为马尔他布鲁菌,立报临床。

案例分析

马耳他布鲁是革兰阴性球杆菌或短杆菌,两端钝圆,单个或成堆排列,无鞭毛,无芽胞,不形成真正荚膜,光滑型有微荚膜。革兰染色着色不佳,镜下呈细沙状,血培养阳性培养物直接涂片镜下呈沙滩状。

如革兰染色未见细菌,可采用瑞氏染色方法,往往镜下可见一堆堆紫色球杆状,形似血小板样,仔细辨认可发现菌体大多位于破坏的细胞内,见图4。

图4 瑞氏染色 1000X

柯氏染色是鉴定布鲁菌的经典染色方法之一,取培养物涂片,固定后进行柯氏染色,布鲁菌呈红色球杆状,其他细菌呈绿色或蓝色。为了避免布鲁菌的交叉感染,染色前,疑似布鲁菌的涂片要用100%甲醇固定5min(灭活),晾干或烘干后再进行革兰染色、瑞氏染色或柯氏染色。主要生化特点:氧化酶阳性,脲酶试验阳性(<5min),见图5。

图5 脲酶试验阳性

布鲁氏菌感染主要通过接触病畜及其分泌物或被污染的畜制品,经皮肤、黏膜、眼结膜、消化道、呼吸道等多途径感染[3]。临床症状以发热、乏力、多汗(可湿透衣裤、被褥)、肌肉关节疼痛,以及肝、脾、淋巴结肿大为主。

本例患者为11岁,没有疫区生活史,无牛羊等牲畜密切接触史,可能食用了布鲁氏菌感染的乳制品或者相关食品。患儿无盗汗,无肌肉,无关节疼痛以及肝、脾、淋巴结肿大等相关临床症状。

但入院以后予阿奇霉素口服抗感染,患儿体温反复,呈波状型,见图6。患儿血常规:白细胞计数偏低,淋巴细胞比例增加,血涂片可出现异型淋巴细胞,血沉升高,以上都符合布鲁菌感染的外周血象。

图6 患儿体温图

临床结合患儿病情,采用多西环素联合利福平口服抗感染治疗,患儿体温正常,无肌肉、关节疼痛,无呕吐等不适,无睾丸不适,继续抗感染治疗。5月18日,复查患儿体温正常,复查血常规、CRP、肝功能正常,复查血培养阴性,予带药出院。

总 结

布鲁氏菌病多发于有牛羊等牲畜密切接触史的青壮年,本案例患者11岁,比较少见,没有疫区生活史,无牛羊等牲畜密切接触史,临床症状以咳嗽,反复发热为主,躯干可见粟粒样红疹,并没有其他典型症状。

马耳他布鲁氏菌培养时间长,在血平板生长缓慢,导致实验室诊断困难。临床医生对于本病的诊断缺乏足够的经验,容易误诊和漏诊而耽误患者治疗,造成严重的后果。因此对于本病,我们要引起重视,希望分享此病例能大家工作带来一些帮助。

参考文献

[1]史艳玲,张翠花,赵红九,潘广义.血培养检出马耳他布鲁氏菌1例报道分析[J].临床医学,2015,35(04):125.

[2]庞众多,杨生义,李依萍,鲁彦,彭彩燕.血液及骨髓培养分离马耳他布鲁氏菌1例[J].国际检验医学杂志,2017,38(12):1727-1728.

[3]王春梅,闫琳琳,农金轻,胡守奎.血培养检出马耳他布鲁氏菌2例病例报告[J].中国冶金工业医学杂志,2021,38(01):123-124.

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    2022-06-14 ms8000001408294061

    成人尚且可以防护,儿童防不胜防,确实少见

    0

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    2022-06-14 ms8000001408294061

    奶制品的微生物检测有必要关注此类细菌了

    0

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    2022-06-02 蒋蒋丽

    学习了

    0

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    2022-06-02 ms5000000518166734

    学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习

    0

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    2022-06-01 xugc

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