甲减是胎儿发育的拦路虎

2018-12-09 孙晓光,北京协和医院 母胎医学

甲状腺素对胎儿的发育,特别是对胎儿的神经发育非常重要。在早孕期间尤为重要。甲状腺功能减退可以使60%左右的孕妇发生胚胎停育,即所谓的反复流产。即使侥幸没有发生停育者,还有早产、低出生体重、妊娠高血压、胎儿死亡、智力低下的风险,不可不重视之!

一、妊娠期间甲减的害处

甲状腺素对胎儿的发育,特别是对胎儿的神经发育非常重要。在早孕期间尤为重要。甲状腺功能减退可以使60%左右的孕妇发生胚胎停育,即所谓的反复流产。即使侥幸没有发生停育者,还有早产、低出生体重、妊娠高血压、胎儿死亡、智力低下的风险,不可不重视之!

二、妊娠期间甲状腺素的生理变化

妊娠期间,体内的甲状腺素和有关因子将会发生一系列变化,总T4(TT4)是正常人得1.5倍。TSH下降,孕8-10周降至最低,孕12周曼曼恢复正常。FT4一般没有什么变化。由于妊娠期间甲状腺功能的生理变化,所以用正常人得标准衡量孕期的甲状腺功能,容易导致甲状腺功能减退漏诊。

三、妊娠期间甲状腺素的参考值

那么妊娠期间的甲状腺功能正常值标准是什么?2011年10月,美国甲状腺协会颁布了新的《妊娠及产后甲状腺疾病诊治指南》提出了下列建议:

1.妊娠期间衡量甲状腺疾病的主要指标是TSH和T4.

2.通常采用的标准值是: 孕早期0.1-2.5mIU/L, 孕中期0.2-3.0 mIU/L, 孕晚期.0.3-3.0mIU/L . 如果每一个实验室有自己妊娠特异的标准值,应该首先考虑采用。

四、妊娠期间的甲减相关疾病及诊断标准

妊娠期间甲减的有关疾病是:

1.临床甲状腺功能减退症。(甲减)

2.亚临床甲减(SCH)。

3.甲功正常但是甲状腺抗体阳性:甲状腺过氧化物酶酶抗体阳性(TPO-Ab)甲状腺球蛋白抗体阳性(TG-Ab。)

4.低T4血症.

各种疾病的诊断

1.临床甲减的诊断: TSH>2.5 mIU/L,而且T4水平下降. 或者TSH>10.0 mIU/, 无论有否T4下降.

2.亚临床甲减的诊断:  TSH在2.5-10 mIU/L之间, 没有T4水平下降.

3.低T4血症:TSH正常, T4水平低于参考范围的第5或第10 百分位点.

我国研究的结果是:妊娠8-12周TSH的上限值为3.93mIU/L,17-20周围3.88mIU/L。

我国一项1605例孕妇甲状腺功能检测的研究结果显示:如果以TSH 2.5mIU/L为界限值,孕期甲减患病率为13.58%(83/611)。较之孕期特异性参考标准得出的患病率(3.6%)增加了3倍。因此是否按照《指南的标准还没没有定论》。

五、孕期甲减相关疾病的处理

1.临床甲减药治疗:①推荐使用L-T4(左甲状腺素),不推荐使用T3或干甲状腺片。②正在应用L-T4治疗的甲减患者应当在孕前将TSH调节至低于2.5mIU/L。当怀孕之后,立即将L-T4两增加25-30%。方法是由原来每天用药一次增加至每周9次。③甲减患者孕后检查TSH的频率每月至少一次,孕26-32周期间至少一次。④甲减患者孕后除了定期检测母体甲状腺功能以外,如果没有其他孕期病理情况,不用增加其他额外的检测。

2.亚临床甲减的治疗:孕期亚甲减应当应用L-T4干预治疗。治疗的目标、用药方法、检测方法同临床甲减相同。要注意亚临床甲减想临床甲减发展的可能性。每4周检测TSH和T4值怀孕16值20周,孕26值32周至少检测一次。

3.单纯低T4血症的治疗:目前单纯低T4血症对妊娠有否不良影响还没有定论,也没有临床试验证明L-T4治疗的益处,所以在《指南》没有建议对此类病人予以治疗。

4.甲状腺抗体阳性的治疗:甲状腺抗体阳性与流产、早产、围产期死亡、和子代智力及运动能力发育有影响。孕前甲状腺抗体阳性者用硒治疗可能有好处。一项研究指出孕前每天200ug硒不仅可以使得产后甲状腺功能异常的比例降低,也可降低怀孕期间的甲状腺抗体水平。怀孕期间是否应用硒还没有很好的评估资料,目前也不建议甲状腺抗体阳性的怀孕妇女应用硒。

抗体阳性的怀孕妇女容易在孕期发生临床或亚临床甲减。所以孕期前5个月每月至少检测一次甲状腺功能。怀孕后半周期在26-32周期间至少检查一次甲状腺功能。当该群体的患者怀孕期间发生了甲减或亚甲减,其治疗同上。还有文献指出应用静脉丙种球蛋白对于孕早期的流产率有所改善,这方面的研究正在进行当中。

妊娠期甲亢:

1.妊娠期一过性甲状腺毒症: 表现为只在孕前半期的一过性甲状腺毒症, TT4或FT4升高, TSH测不到。主要临床表现是孕吐。治疗原则是:孕吐只对症补液等,因T4在14-18周通常恢复正常,所以不用L-T4治疗。

2.Geaves病。它与一过性甲状腺毒症的区别是:孕前有甲状腺病史、有甲状腺弥漫性重大、有内分泌性突眼、TRAb通常阳性。Gravestone病可以导致流产、早产、妊高症、胎儿宫内发育迟缓、死产、甲状腺危象等、母亲充血性心衰

孕早期建议用PTU、PTU的主要副作用是肝脏损害。孕中期以后可以换成MMI, MMI可以通过胎盘,造成胎儿面部畸形。。检测的注意事项:来时用药期间米2-4周检测FT4和TSH,使得FT4维持在正常上限即可。避免过度治疗。避免用TT3作检测指标。妊娠的晚期20-30%的患者病情可以缓解,因此可以停药。TRAb特别高的患者则不能停药。

PTU的安全剂量<300mg/天,  MMI的安全剂量20-30mg/天。对胚胎发育无明显的影响。孕后期为避免肝脏损害,应用PTU<300mg/天是二线选择。

孕期需要更多的碘。碘缺乏可以导致甲状腺素合成减少。世界卫生组织建议孕期和普如期每天摄入碘250ug。

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    2018-12-22 1511ed3825m

    好文章,谢谢了

    0

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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1956978, encodeId=ca2419569e89e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7a42562e70e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#拦路虎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56277, encryptionId=7a42562e70e, topicName=拦路虎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/pSGl6CJeZ2PzWxdhCtrvv4U9Q281RV8e0AKmlB5ib93DibbiaRyOzmkCdz5F04cbfX5RGOpG4dOXvuQW1fumibVeBg/132, createdBy=fc342500110, createdName=ms9833124466084992, createdTime=Wed Mar 06 23:09:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1705629, encodeId=2dc21e056295a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e6ab8359eb0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胎儿发育#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83597, encryptionId=e6ab8359eb0, topicName=胎儿发育)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b3a031008247, createdName=刘阔, createdTime=Sat May 11 03:09:00 CST 2019, time=2019-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=356075, encodeId=d5013560e5a7, content=好文章,谢谢了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=217f2057900, createdName=1511ed3825m, createdTime=Sat Dec 22 08:41:52 CST 2018, time=2018-12-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1341319, encodeId=6a7a1341319b4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0cb769e593b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#甲减#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69759, encryptionId=0cb769e593b, topicName=甲减)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d47b2500175, createdName=12498cf9m35(暂无昵称), createdTime=Tue Dec 11 03:09:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1347357, encodeId=9953134e35700, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=88713e938c1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#发育#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37938, encryptionId=88713e938c1, topicName=发育)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f4c124, createdName=neurowu, createdTime=Tue Dec 11 03:09:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=354957, encodeId=f6d535495e63, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/11/07/32f6eeca95f16df602e2fe81e7416090.jpg, createdBy=ddb32421444, createdName=精气神, createdTime=Sun Dec 09 21:54:53 CST 2018, time=2018-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=354934, encodeId=09e635493400, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sun Dec 09 14:50:11 CST 2018, time=2018-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-12-11 neurowu
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1956978, encodeId=ca2419569e89e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7a42562e70e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#拦路虎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56277, encryptionId=7a42562e70e, topicName=拦路虎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/pSGl6CJeZ2PzWxdhCtrvv4U9Q281RV8e0AKmlB5ib93DibbiaRyOzmkCdz5F04cbfX5RGOpG4dOXvuQW1fumibVeBg/132, createdBy=fc342500110, createdName=ms9833124466084992, createdTime=Wed Mar 06 23:09:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1705629, encodeId=2dc21e056295a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e6ab8359eb0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胎儿发育#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83597, encryptionId=e6ab8359eb0, topicName=胎儿发育)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b3a031008247, createdName=刘阔, createdTime=Sat May 11 03:09:00 CST 2019, time=2019-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=356075, encodeId=d5013560e5a7, content=好文章,谢谢了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=217f2057900, createdName=1511ed3825m, createdTime=Sat Dec 22 08:41:52 CST 2018, time=2018-12-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1341319, encodeId=6a7a1341319b4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0cb769e593b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#甲减#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69759, encryptionId=0cb769e593b, topicName=甲减)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d47b2500175, createdName=12498cf9m35(暂无昵称), createdTime=Tue Dec 11 03:09:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1347357, encodeId=9953134e35700, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=88713e938c1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#发育#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37938, encryptionId=88713e938c1, topicName=发育)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f4c124, createdName=neurowu, createdTime=Tue Dec 11 03:09:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=354957, encodeId=f6d535495e63, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/11/07/32f6eeca95f16df602e2fe81e7416090.jpg, createdBy=ddb32421444, createdName=精气神, createdTime=Sun Dec 09 21:54:53 CST 2018, time=2018-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=354934, encodeId=09e635493400, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sun Dec 09 14:50:11 CST 2018, time=2018-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-12-09 精气神

    学习了

    0

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    2018-12-09 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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