Nat Commun:中国科学家发现了记忆提取的新机制

2017-12-23 佚名 中科院昆明动物所

中国科学院昆明动物研究所(以下简称“昆明动物所”)徐林研究员带领的学习记忆研究实验室,与多家科研单位密切合作发现了记忆“快速泛化”的新现象。通过揭示其神经环路机制,提出了记忆提取的“快速泛化理论假说”。该研究成果于2017年12月19日在《自然通讯》发表。

中国科学院昆明动物研究所(以下简称“昆明动物所”)徐林研究员带领的学习记忆研究实验室,与多家科研单位密切合作发现了记忆“快速泛化”的新现象。通过揭示其神经环路机制,提出了记忆提取的“快速泛化理论假说”。该研究成果于2017年12月19日在《自然通讯》发表。

记忆有着编码、储存和提取三个过程。神经科学领域的未来终极目标之一是揭示记忆储存和提取的神经机制。目前,记忆编码和储存的神经机制已经取得了系列丰硕研究成果,但是记忆提取的神经机制却知之甚少。

长期以来“记忆编码精准性理论”认为,最有效的记忆提取是使用编码时的相同条件,包括编码时的地理位置、周边环境,以及个人的生理和心理状态等。这种现象称为“记忆的精准提取”(Specific recall)。然而,就如古希腊哲学家赫拉克利特的名言一样,“没有人能够步入同一条河流两次”,因为河流和人都随时间而改变,也就是记忆的精准提取是很少发生的。绝大多数情况下,记忆的提取依赖于泛化(Generalization),即使用编码-提取的部分匹配或相似性来提取记忆。从某种意义上,理解“记忆的泛化提取机制”就回答了大多数情况下记忆的提取机制。

记忆的快速泛化与脑重大疾病

令人迷惑不解的是,过去研究报道发现记忆形成后需要2-4周才能形成记忆的泛化提取能力。由于与记忆的储存时程相似,众多理论假说认为记忆的泛化提取能力是缓慢形成的。来自昆明动物所学习记忆实验室的周恒博士等发现记忆的泛化提取可在24小时内或甚至更快形成,他们把这种新发现命名为记忆提取的“快速泛化”(Rapid generalization),并发现了快速泛化的神经环路机制。这一发现对了解记忆异常相关的神经系统疾病的机理提供了理论依据。老年痴呆症或阿尔茨海默病(AD)是目前全球社会关注的焦点之一,迄今为止仍然缺乏有效的预防和治疗措施。临床研究显示AD早期患者“记忆的精准提取”还未受到影响时,记忆的泛化提取能力已经严重受损。相反,战争和地震等不可抗拒的灾害可导致创伤后应激综合症(Posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD),其临床特征之一是当患者面临灾难经历相似的环境条件时,其脑内会不受控制“回放”经历的恐惧场景并伴随情绪改变,这是记忆提取的过度泛化的一个典型实例。此外,早期应激生活事件可能导致绝望、自责、自罪等“负性记忆”形成,与抑郁症的发生存在密切关系。依据周恒博士等的快速泛化理论假说可推测,“负性记忆”可能从过去转移到现实生活中,导致“自动负性思维”。这种记忆提取的过度泛化现象也许是抑郁症患者的认知模式特点。在日常生活中人们都知道“第一印象”这种记忆的重要性,它会不知不觉地影响人们随后的认知模式,也是一种记忆提取的泛化现象。显然,周恒博士等发现的快速泛化神经机制以及提出的理论假说,可能为理解生理和病理条件下脑的工作模式提供了全新思路。

记忆提取的快速泛化理论假说

周恒博士等的论文在审稿过程中,审稿人们给予了一致高度评价,并对他们提出了更高的要求,“小心总结过去的所有发现精细提出快速泛化的新理论假说”。在此简要总结该假说的内容:1. 大脑皮层下的记忆信息加工,可能存在显着的左右输入特异性。但是当记忆信息传送到海马时,由于两侧海马间存在直接联系环路DHC,使得记忆信息在海马中分配了基本相当的左右记忆备份。这是记忆精准提取的重要基础,即损毁单个备份不影响记忆的精准性提取。2. 记忆在海马中形成后,分布在左右海马中的记忆细胞可能进行了“回放”,偶尔会出现左右之间活动的同步化例如在睡眠过程中就存在这种现象,从而触发了一种“赫伯突触可塑性”spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP),进而记忆细胞之间的DHC突触连接强度逐渐加强。这种“内在学习”过程,赋予了记忆的泛化提取能力,即实现举一反三、活学活用等。3. 猜测是左右记忆细胞之间的突触可塑性提供了一个额外的记忆提取路径,从而能够更容易提取记忆而不影响记忆本身。4. 这个过程需要一定时间,是因为泛化不仅要面对未知多变的环境,也要防止泛化可能产生的错误。DHC左右连接纤维突触可塑性的精细调节和再调节就显得尤其重要,提供了一种纠错机制。5. 泛化能力形成的快慢决定于记忆之间是否存在重叠。例如人类的成长过程中受到的教育已经使得许多知识、技巧等记忆连接到一起,涉及这些内容的记忆将会快速泛化。而人类设计的任务对动物来说,是完全没有接触过的,因此动物中泛化能力的形成需要更多时间。

记忆提取的快速泛化机制的发现和理论假说的提出,为相关领域的研究提供了全新思路,可能开辟了一个全新的研究方向,实现对记忆提取的神经机制的理解。期待该研究方向的未来发展,为理解人类记忆的提取机制、为理解相关脑疾病做出贡献。

原始出处:

Zhou H,et al.,The interhemispheric CA1 circuit governs rapid generalisation but not fear memory.Nat Commun. 2017 Dec 19;8(1):2190.

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    2018-10-24 liye789132251
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    2018-11-19 liuli5079
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    2017-12-23 三生有幸9135

    学习一下谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-12-23 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢.

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    2017-12-23 sunfeifeiyang

    0

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