Immunity :免疫领域新发现,癌细胞如何逃避免疫系统

2020-08-13 临床与基础研究

科学家越来越多地尝试利用人体自身的免疫系统来对抗癌症。波恩大学和澳大利亚和瑞士的研究机构进行的一项新研究显示了肿瘤细胞用于逃避这种攻击的策略。为这项工作开发的方法有助于更好地理解免疫防御与疾病之间。

科学家越来越多地尝试利用人体自身的免疫系统来对抗癌症。波恩大学和澳大利亚和瑞士的研究机构进行的一项新研究显示了肿瘤细胞用于逃避这种攻击的策略。为这项工作开发的方法有助于更好地理解免疫防御与疾病之间的“竞赛”。结果可能有助于改善现代治疗方法。研究成果已发表在《Immunity》杂志上。

癌细胞与健康的人体细胞有完全不同的外观,行为和其中活跃的基因。通常,这并非没有被忽视:免疫系统记录到有什么不对劲,并派遣其部队与肿瘤作斗争。但是,这种反应有时候太弱,无法长期控制甚至破坏癌症。因此,研究人员多年来一直在努力增强免疫系统的防御反应。在这种情况下,T细胞可以检测并杀死患病或有缺陷的细胞。每个T细胞针对特定特征,也称为抗原。因此,对于癌症疗法,研究人员正在寻找可检测肿瘤抗原的患者中的T细胞。然后,他们可以例如将它们扩增并将它们重新注入患者体内。通过这种方式,它们可以增强患者对癌症的免疫反应。

局限性:然而,不幸的是,许多肿瘤已发展出使它们能够逃避免疫系统的策略。科学家研究了这些策略的长处以及所依赖的策略,在本文中,研究人员更专注于皮肤癌,即黑色素瘤细胞研究。

重点:1,不同内源性靶抗原用于过继T细胞治疗的比较
2,黑色素瘤免疫逃避表型由靶抗原的类别和水平决定
3,靶向黑素体抗原驱动去分化和髓样浸润
4,致癌抗原的持久性可以挽救免疫检查点疗法

黑素瘤在几个方面与健康细胞不同。例如,各种不同的基因在其中均具有活性。这些都是T细胞的潜在抗原。但是,哪个特别适合触发强烈而持久的免疫反应?为了回答这个问题,研究人员在他们的实验模型中发明了一种聪明的方法:他们将一种标记物附着在活跃于黑素瘤细胞发育的各种基因上,并利用它们产生抗原。然后,他们释放了一组针对肿瘤细胞的T细胞,后者将这一分子标记准确地识别为疾病标记。然后,研究人员使用这种策略来研究癌细胞对免疫系统所追寻的反应。根据标记有这种标签的基因,他们发现了显着差异。

Effern的同事Nicole Glodde博士解释说:“当T细胞针对负责黑色素瘤典型特征的基因时,我们观察到癌细胞会随着时间的推移改变其外观并抑制这些基因。所以这就是他们躲避免疫系统的方式。”

相反,该研究中研究的另一种基因对于肿瘤的生存至关重要。这使得下调从而隐藏起来并不那么容易。Effern强调说:“因此,我们认为该基因具有诱导非常有效的T细胞反应的潜力。”波恩大学医院实验肿瘤学研究所所长,波恩大学卓越免疫感官研究小组成员Maike博士希望:“我们的工作有可能为更有效的免疫疗法扫清道路。我们开发的方法还可以更好地了解癌细胞在免疫系统的监视下滑动的过程。”

这项研究部分由德国研究基金会(DFG)在国际研究生院的框架内资助。这就是为什么Maike Effern博士在免疫识别领域的国际知名专家Thomas Gebhardt教授的带领下,在澳大利亚墨尔本的Peter Doherty研究所工作了一年的原因。埃弗恩强调说:“波恩大学和墨尔本大学之间的研究生院是国际研究合作的杰出典范,对我个人而言,这种经历将对我的未来职业产生持久影响。

肿瘤免疫逃逸限制了对T细胞疗法的持久反应。在这里,研究人员检查了提供CD8 + T细胞抗肿瘤免疫目标表位的基因产物的调节和功能如何影响治疗功效和耐药性。他们在同源黑色素瘤模型中使用了基于CRISPR-Cas9的方法(CRISPitope),将相同模型的CD8 + T细胞表位融合到不同内源基因产物的C末端。通过相同表位特异性CD8 + T细胞的过继细胞转移(ACT)靶向黑素体蛋白或致癌CDK4 R24C(细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4),揭示了多种遗传和非遗传免疫逃逸机制。ACT针对黑素体蛋白,但不针对CDK4 R24C,可促进黑素瘤去分化并增加髓样细胞浸润。CDK4 R24C抗原的持久性与高干扰素和富含T细胞的肿瘤微环境有关,从而可以作为免疫疗法来抑制免疫检查点。因此,靶抗原的选择决定了复发性黑素瘤的表型和免疫状况,这与癌症免疫疗法的设计有关。

原始出处:

Maike Effern, Nicole Glodde, Matthias Braun, et al.Adoptive T Cell Therapy Targeting Different Gene Products Reveals Diverse and Context-Dependent Immune Evasion in Melanoma.Immunity. 2020 Jul 22;S1074-7613(20)30314-9. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.07.007.

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    2021-04-07 回首向来萧瑟处

    学习了

    0

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    2020-08-15 yxch36
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    2020-08-14 ms3000000449926787

    很有意思

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