先天性左心室-冠状静脉窦瘘一例

2018-06-09 聂谦 孔较瘦

患者男性,78岁,因“反复胸闷、胸痛10年”于2015年11月20日入院。入院前10年,患者开始逐渐出现活动后胸闷、胸痛、无心悸,无咳嗽咳痰,无头晕黑矇,无反酸烧心等不适。患者在当地医院多次行心电图检查均提示“前壁心肌缺血”,给予硝酸酯类治疗后,患者自觉症状有所好转,但仍时有发作。入院前1周,患者胸痛症状再发,并伴有心悸,为求治疗患者转成都中医药大学附属医院就诊,入院查体提示心脏相对浊音界向右扩大

患者男性,78岁,因“反复胸闷、胸痛10年”于2015年11月20日入院。入院前10年,患者开始逐渐出现活动后胸闷、胸痛、无心悸,无咳嗽咳痰,无头晕黑矇,无反酸烧心等不适。患者在当地医院多次行心电图检查均提示“前壁心肌缺血”,给予硝酸酯类治疗后,患者自觉症状有所好转,但仍时有发作。入院前1周,患者胸痛症状再发,并伴有心悸,为求治疗患者转成都中医药大学附属医院就诊,入院查体提示心脏相对浊音界向右扩大,二尖瓣听诊区闻及3/6级收缩期杂音,并向左腋下传导。心电图检查提示频发房早,V1-V5导联ST段压低伴T波低平(图1)。心脏超声示右心房(50mm×46mm)及右心室(30mm)长大,三尖瓣轻度反流,反流速度3.1m/s,估测肺动脉收缩压约40mmHg。血生化、心肌损伤标志物、凝血功能检查未见异常。排除禁忌症后行冠状动脉造影检查,结果示左右冠状动脉血流缓慢(TIMI血流2级),管腔未见确切狭窄(图2A~B)。因患者听诊有杂音,而超声未见确切瓣膜反流,遂加做左心室造影,结果示左心室及冠状静脉窦通过二尖瓣环下一管状结构及若干细小分支血管相通,收缩期冠状静脉窦同时显影(图2C)。急诊行床旁超声心动图检查,未见确切心包积液征象,排除猪尾导管致心脏破裂后,再次全面行心脏超声检查,见冠状静脉窦增宽,多普勒超声提示冠状静脉窦内血流为脉冲式动脉血流频谱(图3A~B)。结合其左心室造影所见,诊断为左心室-冠状静脉窦瘘。术毕建议复查心血管增强CT或磁共振检查,患者表示拒绝,予比索洛尔、尼可地尔治疗,患者症状好转出院。

图1 入院后心电图示胸前导联ST段下移,伴T波低平

图2 患者冠状动脉及左心室造影结果  A-B:冠状动脉造影检查未见确切狭窄及心腔瘘;C:左心室造影提示左心室与冠状静脉窦(箭头)通过瘘管相通

图3 患者术中超声心动图检查结果  A:冠状静脉窦长轴切面显示其内径增宽;B:多普勒超声示冠状静脉窦内血流呈脉冲式频谱

讨论  
 
左心室-冠状静脉窦瘘(Left ventricle to coronary sinus fistula,LV-CSF)是一种极为罕见的心血管畸形,最早由1978年首次报道[1]。截至目前,全球报道仍不超过10例,且多数为继发于医源性操作,如二尖瓣置换术、器质性室速导管消融术、大动脉调转术等;先天性LV-CSF仅见2例报道。该例患者既往从未有过心血管疾病手术及心导管操作史,故考虑其LV-CSF为先天性发育畸形。

LV-CSF血流动力学类似于先天性左室-右房通道,收缩期左心室内的压力明显高于冠状静脉窦,故出现左心室-冠状静脉窦的分流,从而引起右心房和右心室的容量负荷过重,进而导致右心系统长大。Killu报道了通过介入封堵治疗外科换瓣术后LV-CSF的经验,但由于本例患者年龄较大,虽有右心长大,但并无明显肺动脉高压,故推测其分流量不大,未建议患者介入封堵或外科治疗。但若LV-CSF的患者需双心室起搏,则高速分流可能会导致电极不稳出现术后移位,或误入左心室导致血栓形成。此病例罕见,缺乏典型的临床及超声表现,因此极易漏诊。虽然,冠状动、静脉是血流动力学上合胞体,但历来人们对冠状动脉的关注度远远大于冠状静脉,以至于可能忽视了二者在血流动力学上的相互影响。

目前认为,冠状动脉慢血流现象系一种新的冠状动脉综合征[6],虽然其亦可表现为心绞痛症状,但迄今为止尚无法将其归入稳定性心绞痛或心脏X综合征等任何一种冠心病分型中,且其确切病因并不清楚,多认为与心脏微血管异常有关。本例患者无高血压糖尿病、高血脂等心血管危险因素,而LV-CSF的分流势必会导致冠状静脉系统的压力升高,我们推测,这一血流动力学改变可能会通过压力递传导致毛细血管网损伤,从而间接引起冠状动脉慢血流。因此治疗上给予了比索洛尔(2.5mg,每天一次)控制心率、弛缓心肌,以及尼可地尔(5mg,每天三次)改善冠脉微循环治疗。患者自觉胸闷症状有好转,发作频次明显降低,但其远期疗效,仍有待随访。

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    2019-01-27 fusion
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    2018-06-11 huirong
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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1697712, encodeId=13c4169e7121a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f2399910109' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99101, encryptionId=f2399910109, topicName=静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0bc129907796, createdName=fusion, createdTime=Sun Jan 27 14:05:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1369376, encodeId=8ed613693e6fe, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bc9f28589d0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#先天性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28589, encryptionId=bc9f28589d0, topicName=先天性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a435298, createdName=huirong, createdTime=Mon Jun 11 11:05:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1413229, encodeId=d95d141322945, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1d7e48033f5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#左心室#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48033, encryptionId=1d7e48033f5, topicName=左心室)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=15012955474, createdName=wushaoling, createdTime=Mon Jun 11 11:05:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1618549, encodeId=184016185498a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a95e9916698' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#静脉窦#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99166, encryptionId=a95e9916698, topicName=静脉窦)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=237819898930, createdName=12498d2fm57(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Jun 11 11:05:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323147, encodeId=9a0e32314ea3, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/05/12/ad178f0b8ddfba5c0b5d8148488c918b.jpg, createdBy=82112353187, createdName=daod, createdTime=Sun Jun 10 23:41:47 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322870, encodeId=57693228e0c8, content=不错的文章值得拥有哦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eff51996281, createdName=1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Jun 09 22:22:26 CST 2018, time=2018-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-10 daod

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1697712, encodeId=13c4169e7121a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f2399910109' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99101, encryptionId=f2399910109, topicName=静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0bc129907796, createdName=fusion, createdTime=Sun Jan 27 14:05:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1369376, encodeId=8ed613693e6fe, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bc9f28589d0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#先天性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28589, encryptionId=bc9f28589d0, topicName=先天性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a435298, createdName=huirong, createdTime=Mon Jun 11 11:05:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1413229, encodeId=d95d141322945, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1d7e48033f5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#左心室#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48033, encryptionId=1d7e48033f5, topicName=左心室)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=15012955474, createdName=wushaoling, createdTime=Mon Jun 11 11:05:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1618549, encodeId=184016185498a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a95e9916698' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#静脉窦#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99166, encryptionId=a95e9916698, topicName=静脉窦)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=237819898930, createdName=12498d2fm57(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Jun 11 11:05:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=323147, encodeId=9a0e32314ea3, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/05/12/ad178f0b8ddfba5c0b5d8148488c918b.jpg, createdBy=82112353187, createdName=daod, createdTime=Sun Jun 10 23:41:47 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322870, encodeId=57693228e0c8, content=不错的文章值得拥有哦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eff51996281, createdName=1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Jun 09 22:22:26 CST 2018, time=2018-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-09 1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称)

    不错的文章值得拥有哦

    0

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