新英格兰:COVID-19疫苗诱导的血小板减少症的免疫球蛋白辅助疗法

2021-06-13 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

新英格兰:阿斯利康疫苗诱导的血小板减少症的免疫球蛋白辅助疗法

最近,Covid-19腺病毒载体疫苗与一种罕见的血栓前障碍有关,该疾病被称为疫苗诱导免疫性血栓性血小板减少症(VITT)。诊断为VITT的患者年龄大多在20 - 55岁之间,表现为不常见血栓形成,如脑静脉窦血栓形成和内脏静脉血栓形成。其发病机制涉及可识别血小板因子4 (PF4)的IgG抗体的产生,该抗体通过FcγIIa受体强烈激活血小板,导致血小板数量减少(血小板消耗)和凝血激活。根据临床和血清学证据,该疾病强烈类似于自身免疫性肝素诱导的血小板减少症(HIT),即使VITT患者通常没有接受肝素治疗。

大剂量静脉注射免疫球蛋白(IVIG)竞争性地抑制VITT抗体与血小板FcγIIa受体的相互作用,从而减少血小板活化,这一结果可能是一个重要的治疗考虑。由于治疗VITT患者的数据很少,因此推荐使用IVIG主要是基于与自身免疫性HIT治疗类似的情况,即IVIG可迅速增加血小板计数,降低高凝状态。推荐使用大剂量静脉注射免疫球蛋白(IVIG)联合抗凝治疗疫苗诱导的免疫性血栓性血小板减少症(VITT),这是针对Covid-19的腺病毒载体疫苗的一种罕见副作用。

近期,新英格兰杂志描述了三名在加拿大接受ChAdOx1新型冠状病毒疫苗后确诊为VITT的第一批患者对IVIG治疗的反应。

3例VITT患者接受IVIG治疗后,血清诱导的血小板活化受到抑制。该研究还显示了血清素释放试验是如何适用于检测VITT抗体的。血清素释放试验是北美参考实验室用于检测HIT的最常见的血小板活化试验。

患者年龄63 ~ 72岁;一个是女性。因为有报告称VITT主要发生在年轻人身上,加拿大将ChAdOx1新型冠状病毒-19疫苗的使用限制在55岁或55岁以上的人群,。2例患者表现为肢体动脉血栓形成;第三例有脑静脉和动脉血栓形成。

三例VITT患者临床和实验室检查数据。显示了3例患者与抗凝治疗和免疫球蛋白治疗相关的连续血小板计数,以及患者的身高、体重和IVIG给药时需要考虑的剂量。

三名患者在ELISA上均检测出抗PF4聚阴离子复合物的抗体强阳性。三名患者在ELISA上均检测出抗PF4聚阴离子复合物的抗体强阳性(表1)。经IVIG治疗后,ELISA反应性没有出现一致的下降,这表明IVIG没有抑制VITT抗体与PF4的结合。患者2在乳胶免疫比浊法(血清学HIT- ab (PF4-H),仪器实验室)检测为阴性,这是一种当地HIT抗体快速筛查测试。根据最近的一份报告,这项筛选试验显示VITT抗体的阴性结果。

IVIG治疗前后ELISA反应

血小板活化试验结果。图A显示了三个研究患者的肝素诱发血小板减少症(5 -羟色胺释放试验)的常规血小板激活试验结果。三例患者经IVIG治疗后血清中血小板活化被抑制。图B显示了一种改良的血小板活化试验的结果,用于检测3例患者抗血小板因子4 (PF4)的VITT抗体反应。在IVIG治疗后获得的患者血清中,可以看到PF4增强的血清素释放的不同水平的抑制。当加入FcγIIa受体阻断单克隆抗体(IV.3)或加入浓度为10 mg / ml的IVIG时,可观察到完全抑制。经IVIG治疗后,ELISA反应性没有出现一致的下降,这表明IVIG没有抑制VITT抗体与PF4的结合。患者2在乳胶免疫比浊法(血清学HIT- ab (PF4-H),仪器实验室)检测为阴性,这是一种当地HIT抗体快速筛查测试。根据最近的一份报告,4这项筛选试验显示VITT抗体的阴性结果。

 

肝素和血小板因子4 (PF4)对血清诱导的血小板活化有不同的反应模式,提示血清中VITT的表现存在异质性。启动IVIG治疗后,3例患者的血清中都出现了抗体诱导的血小板活化减少。

该研究的发现可能反映了体内抗体诱导的血小板活化受到抑制,高凝状态降低,当患者有严重的血小板减少和需要治疗剂量抗凝的多种不寻常血栓时,增加血小板计数尤其重要,特别是在脑梗死后出血性转化的情况下。此外,与HIT有关的抗体也通过膜Fcγ受体激活单核细胞和中性粒细胞。由于VITT患者可能存在严重的持续数周的血小板减少,早期给予IVIG可能是VITT抗凝治疗的重要辅助治疗。目前,一些VITT治疗指南建议,当强烈怀疑VITT并存在血栓时,预先给药高剂量IVIG。连续两天每公斤体重1克的建议剂量(即每公斤总2克)可能是模糊的,因为适用的体重可以从“理想”到“实际”体重或一个称为“剂量”体重的中间值

考虑到IVIG在降低抗体诱导的血小板活化方面的剂量依赖效应,该研究建议在进行这些计算时尽量使用剂量重量,最好是实际体重

该研究还显示了在北美参考实验室中使用的血小板活化试验- 5 -羟色胺释放试验-可以通过包含PF4反应来检测VITT抗体。

最近,Greinacher等发现,使用基于血小板聚集的洗涤血小板活化试验,补充PF4(每毫升10 μg)有助于诊断VITT。该研究获得的VITT患者的血清反应模式是异质性的,他们建议HIT和VITT抗体的检测可以通过在通常条件下进行标准的血小板活化试验,加入PF4(每毫升≥10 μg),不加肝素即可完成。也建议每毫升检测0 U作为缓冲对照,因为在没有肝素的情况下血清诱导血清素的释放是自身免疫性HIT的一个特征。该研究支持在注射IVIG前检测血清中VITT抗体的建议,以避免血清素释放试验的假阴性结果。相比之下,IVIG治疗未能抑制ELISA反应性。

该研究描述了加拿大第一批在ChAdOx1新型冠状病毒疫苗接种后诊断为VITT的3名患者。所有三个患者接受的疫苗是由印度血清研究所生产,该机构供应了加拿大约三分之二的ChAdOx1 nCoV-19疫苗。2021年3月底开始,在欧洲报道了VITT病例,阿斯利康疫苗项目在加拿大的推广仅限于55岁以上的人群。这一限制适用于年龄较大的3例患者(72,63和69岁)。值得注意的是,所有三名患者都有一个或多个动脉血栓事件。此外,2例患者有静脉血栓形成。该研究推测老年VITT患者可能更容易出现动脉血栓事件。

原文出处

Bourguignon A, Arnold DM, Warkentin TE, et al. Adjunct Immune Globulin for Vaccine-Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia [published online ahead of print, 2021 Jun 9]. N Engl J Med. 2021;10.1056/NEJMoa2107051. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2107051

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    2021-06-14 ms9000000883963153

    十分有帮助

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    2021-06-13 小小医者

    #新冠疫苗#不良反应机制

    0

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