胃食管反流病的流行病学及发生机制

2020-02-03 不详 网络

胃食管反流病(gastroesophageal reflux disease,GERD)是指胃、十二指肠内容物反流入食管引起不适症状和(或)食管黏膜组织学改变的一类疾病,包括反流性食管炎(reflux esophagitis,RE)、非糜烂性反流病(non-erosive reflux disease,NERD)和Barrett食管(Barrett’s esophagus,BE),常伴有反酸、

食管反流病(gastroesophageal reflux disease,GERD)是指、十二指肠内容物反流入食管引起不适症状和(或)食管黏膜组织学改变的一类疾病,包括反流性食管炎(reflux esophagitis,RE)、非糜烂性反流病(non-erosive reflux disease,NERD)和Barrett食管(Barrett’s esophagus,BE),常伴有反酸、烧心典型症状,以及其他的非典型症状,如非心源性胸痛、餐后饱胀感、咽喉炎、咳嗽、哮喘、夜间呛咳等,严重者可合并食管狭窄、吞咽困难、上消化道出血、食管癌变等并发症。

本次资讯将围绕GERD的流行病学及发病机制展开:

一、GERD流行病

由于诊断标准及人群等存在地域特征及差异性,GERD的流行率也存在较大差异,目前GERD的流调都是基于地域、病种等展开。

(一)在欧美国家,GERD的患病率非常高,为8.7%~51%,随着亚洲地区人们生活方式的西式化以及生活水平的普遍提高,患病率也从2.5%~4.8%上升至5.2%~8.5%。一项1999年的调查显示我国北京、上海两地流行病学调查结果提示:症状发病率为8.97%,GERD发病率为5.77%,反流性食管炎为1.92%。

意译:根据蒙特利尔的定义,中国GERD的流行率为3.8%。从2002年到2011年, GERD每周的流行率增加了1.3%,这意味着相对增长至少50%。在过去的十年里,中国的GERD有所上升。东亚的GERD研究应该关注导致患病率快速上升的因素以及与GERD的非典型症状联系在一起的因素

(二)危重症患者发生胃食管反流的比例更高:Abdel-Gawad等在研究中指出,使用机械通气的患者发生胃食管反流的比例高达91.6%,Metheny等在实验中获得的数据表明,320例进行机械通气及鼻饲的患者发生胃食管反流的占88.9%,国内也有类似研究,认为危重症患者胃食管反流的发生率高达78.1%,以单纯胆汁反流或混合反流为主,而且的反流时间长,反流量大,与普通患者存在明显差异,其危害不容小觑。

(三)目前,GERD与糖尿病高血压血管疾病、痴呆、关节炎、抑郁症是老年患者的主要疾病组成部分。

GERD发生率随年龄增长逐渐增高,在特定年龄段达到高峰。不同国家发病高峰年龄段各不相同,西方国家一般在55-69岁之间,日本在20-29岁。Barrett食管(BE)患者年龄较大,平均(53.8±10.9)岁,且发病率随年龄增加而升高。瑞典研究显示年龄每增加1岁,BE发病率增加5%(95%CI:1~9)。

普遍认为我国GERD以中老年人多见,30岁以上为好发人群。各年龄段均以病变较轻的A、B级(洛杉矶分级)为主,随着年龄的增长,RE(反流性食管炎)的程度也越重。因此,老年GERD患者的流行病学已在各国受到重视。

GERD的患病率在不同国家和地域有较大差异。西方国家患病率高,在10%~20%%之间,美国最高,其次是北欧,欧洲南部;亚洲的患病率近年来有逐渐增加的趋势,有些地区甚至已接近西方国家水平。

但一项对我国年龄在40-93岁离退休干部的调查认为:离退休干部GERD的患病率要低于国内平均患病率,这可能与离退休人群精神压力比较小有关。

国外研究显示,GERD的发病与性别无直接关联,但在反流性食管炎与Barrett食管中,男性较女性更多见。非糜烂性食管炎(NERD)女性较男性多。我国不同性别发病率分布存在地区差异,上海、广东两地男女性别差异不明显,北京则女性高于男性;反流性食管炎内镜检出率,男性明显高于女性。亚洲地区总体患病率明显低于西方国家,

推测有色人种可能是GERD的相对保护因素。

二、GERD病因及发病机制

GERD的病因简单来说,就是保护因子与攻击因子建立的动态平衡被打破。

反流物对食管黏膜的攻击作用(增强);抗反流的防御机制(减弱)

图解:

(一) 抗反流的防御机制(三道防线)下降:

①第一道防线:抗反流屏障各组成部分可阻止反流物进入反流通道。

抗反流屏障包括食管下括约肌、贲门等,如食管下括约肌压力低下、频繁发作的一过性下食管括约肌松弛、贲门松弛等,胃内容物将进入食道。

②第二道防线:反流通道的清除能力、耐受性、感受性、局部反应和全身反应。

如食管清除能力减弱、胃食管结合处抗返流机制减弱、食管感知异常敏感等,反流物会攻破第二道防线,进入食管上端。

③第三道防线:抗反流屏障恢复能力和全身调节能力。

正常人每天也会有生理性反流,如全身调节能力下降,反流物中的胆汁酸、胃蛋白酶等长期侵蚀粘膜组织,达到一定时间及频率后,最终形成胃食管反流病。

(二)反流物对食管黏膜的攻击作用增强:

①反流物的攻击成分主要有胃酸、消化酶、胆汁和半消化的食物成分等。

如不良的生活习惯(吸烟、饮酒、进食辛辣食物等)、生活作息紊乱等,会使胃酸分泌过多,反流物中对粘膜组织的侵蚀作用增强,则容易诱发胃食管反流。

②反流物量及停留位置。

如胃排空障碍,胃张力升高、肠道压力升高或蠕动匮乏、餐后未被食物中和的胃酸相对聚集于胃近端与食管远端之间的区域即形成与反流密切相关的“酸袋”,都是发生胃食管反流的机制之一。

③抗反流屏障两侧的压力梯度等。

如消化道动力障碍性疾病,肥胖、餐后平卧等,使食管下段及贲门部压力增大,胃食管反流发生的风险也随之增大。

三、总结

亚洲GERD发病率总体比欧美等发达国家低,但近十年来,随着生活水平提高、生活方式西化、疾病谱发生改变等原因,GERD的流行率不断上升。GERD的发病率随年龄增长而增高;危重症患者的发病率更高;在性别方面的发病率因地域不同而存在差异。

GERD的发病机制复杂,病因多样,总结来说就是身体防御机制减弱与攻击因子增强共同作用的结果,目前治疗以减弱攻击因子破坏力为主。

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    2020-02-05 xugumin
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    2020-02-05 zhouqu_8
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    2020-02-05 feifers
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    2020-02-03 肿肿

    机制研究离临床仍然有距离,不过与临床结合思考,仍然有帮助的,不能仅仅是纯临床思维,转化思维同样重要

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