移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)新药开发攻略

2020-09-03 April Chen 医药魔方

移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)是造血干细胞移植(HCT)后一种严重的并发症,有10%-50%的HCT患者因受体受到供体免疫系统攻击而产生免疫反应,导致炎症形成、组织损伤和器官衰竭。

移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)是造血干细胞移植(HCT)后一种严重的并发症,有10%-50%的HCT患者因受体受到供体免疫系统攻击而产生免疫反应,导致炎症形成、组织损伤和器官衰竭。

急性和慢性GVHD发病期的变化

按进行HCT术后100天发病为界,短于100天发病的为急性GVHD,晚于100天发病的为慢性GVHD。急性GVHD主要以Th1型细胞因子为主,包括IL-1β、IL-6和IFN-γ 等,主要引起皮肤、胃肠道和肝脏损伤等不良反应。而慢性GVHD发病除涉及主要以Th2和Th17型炎症因子外,巨噬细胞和B细胞也发挥了作用,巨噬细胞产生的转化生长因子β(TGF-β)的水平升高会损害T-reg功能,使得炎症反应加剧。同时,供体B细胞的稳态和耐受机制被扰乱使得记忆功能下降,被宿体抗原激活后B细胞快速扩增,引起除了皮肤、胃肠道、肝脏外,更多部位包括肺部和眼睛等感染

Incyte两款JAK抑制剂的两种结局

JAK抑制剂在包括类风湿关节炎、斑秃、特应性皮炎等各类自身免疫疾病中都大放异彩,不过Incyte/诺华合作开发的JAK1/2抑制剂芦可替尼却走出了一条不一样的路。继2011年和2014年被美国FDA批准用于骨髓纤维化、真性红细胞增多症后,又于2019年获批成为首个治疗类固醇难治的12岁及以上儿童及成人急性GVHD的JAK抑制剂。从机制上看,JAK1/2对GVHD发病主要炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6和IFN-γ 等信号传导起重要作用,因此JAK抑制剂也许可以是GVHD治疗的理想选择,芦可替尼的获批也印证了这一点。

在单臂REACH1试验中,49例可评价患者第28天的ORR达57%、CR达31%。在REACH2研究中,与BAT治疗组相比,Jakavi治疗组在第28天ORR显著提高(62% vs39%,p<0.001),达到了研究的主要终点。同时,芦可替尼也积极拓展慢性GVHD的适应症,今年7月宣布单药对比BAT治疗组的III期试验Reach3达到主要终点。有望将适应症继续扩大。

芦可替尼和Itacitinib在GVHD临床开发对比

目前芦可替尼在美国以外的商业权益归诺华获得,Incyte只拥有美国市场权益,但是2019年销售收入仍达16.85亿美元,占Incyte全球收入的78%。虽然从产品线上看Incyte坐拥三个炙手可热的JAK抑制剂,但自从2019年放弃与礼来共同开发巴瑞替尼后,目前仅获得特许权使用费。

Incyte 2015至2019年产品销售额占比

在努力扩展芦可替尼适应症的同时,Incyte也在努力摆脱押宝一个产品的局面,寄希望于JAK1抑制剂Itacitinib,但在一线治疗的关键III期GRAVITAS-301研究中失败,与皮质类固醇单药剂相比,Itacitinib联合皮质类固醇一线治疗II-IV类急性GVHD的28天总体缓解率未能达到显著性差异(66.4% vs 74%),未达到试验假设的改善16%。但根据事后分析发现,Itacitnib组患者获得CR率显著高于安慰剂组,且因不耐受或不应答而中止试验的患者比率也更低。

目前Itacitinib还在继续开展一线治疗慢性GVHD的研究,和与钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂联用作为GVHD预防性治疗的试验。2018年12月信达从Incyte获得了包括Itacitnib在内三款药物在中国内地及香港、澳门和台湾地区的临床开发与商业化权利,目前在国内开展I/II期临床试验。

治疗慢性GVHD的B细胞与T细胞通路

相对于急性GVHD,慢性GVHD的发病机制更为复杂,通常分为3个阶段:急性炎症,慢性炎症免疫力失调和异常组织修复持续导致纤维化。目前开发的慢性GVHD治疗药物集中在抑制第2 阶段,包括抑制同种异体反应性T细胞,恢复Treg的功能,抑制B细胞或其信号通路等。

移植后受者体内B细胞持续缺乏期,此时正常B细胞的存活和增殖需要的B细胞活化因子(B cell activatingfactor,BAFF)水平会持续升高,直至B细胞恢复正常,但发生cGVHD患者在移植后BAFF水平持续升高但B细胞水平升高,使得B细胞在体内达到超活化状态。除了BAFF,B细胞的抗原特异性B细胞受体(BCR)被抗原活化后,B细胞接头BLNK和脾酪氨酸激酶(SYK)的磷酸化随之增加,共同激活NF-κB和ERK信号通路调控B细胞的异常扩增。所以靶向这任一信号传导过程都认为可以抑制B细胞信号通路。

伊布替尼抑制BTK和T细胞受体相关的白细胞介素2诱导型激酶(ITK),基于一个单臂II期试验Study 1129在2017年8月被FDA批准,成为唯一一个二线及以后的慢性GVHD治疗药物。目前Acalabrutinib也在进行慢性GVHD的临床试验。

伊布替尼抑制B细胞信号通路的相关机制

目前慢性GVHD领域另一个最有希望上市的新药则是抑制T细胞信号通路的KD025(belumosudil)。KD025是一款口服选择性Rho相关卷曲螺旋蛋白激酶2(ROCK2)抑制剂,主要是通过抑制STAT3,IRF4 和RORγt的信号传导,而降低T细胞因子IL-21和IL-17的释放,同时还通过增加STAT5活性以增加Foxp3 + Treg细胞的表达,使得效应T细胞数量减少而T调节细胞水平重建。虽然T细胞介导的炎症是aGVHD的主要特征,但纤维化往往是慢性GVHD的最终结果,ROCK激酶系统作为纤维化的常见最终途径至关重要。

伊布替尼和KD025对慢性GVHD的有效性对比

与伊布替尼试验结果相比,KD025的II期试验纳入了包括既往接受过更多线治疗,且年龄更广的人群,包括30%接受过有伊布替尼和/或ruxolitinib的受试者,应答率仍高于伊布替尼,目前正在通过实时肿瘤审评 (RTOR) Pilot Program进行滚动式递交NDA。目前KD025还在进行系统性硬化症的II期试验。烨辉医药获得KD025的中国区开发权,目前处于IND阶段。

挖掘GVHD细分人群

目前虽然有不少药物在GVHD治疗领域获得进展,但由于病因复发和通常难以在发病初期予以有效干预,目前不少已上市的免疫相关药物也在探索GVHD相对细分人群。

胃肠道是GVHD患者最常见的受累器官,武田制药的Vedolizumab通过结合整合素α4β7来调控淋巴细胞向肠道的迁移,进而能表现出肠道特异性的抗炎效果。亿帆医药的F-652 是IL-22-Fc融合蛋白,由于靶点的器官靶向性,目前都在用于伴有胃肠道反应的GVHD患者。法国MaaT Pharma公司的MaaT013是一种集体供体的含有多种微生物物种的灌肠药物,目前正在开发口服药。

主要GVHD细分人群临床在研项目

对于儿童急性GVHD患者,仅有30%–50% 对一线皮质类固醇治疗应答,二线治疗目前并没有最优推荐选择,ElsaLys 生物制药的inolimomab目前用于SR-aGvHD的开发,包括儿科患者。靶向IL-2R的单抗药物,通过阻断IL-2与供体过度活跃T细胞的表面以阻断其增殖。

如果发生了急性GVHD,那么发生慢性GVHD的风险也会增加,所以预防GVHD也是重要开发策略。CSL开发的CSL964是α1-抗胰蛋白酶(AAT),已经在丹麦上市用于α1-抗胰蛋白酶缺乏症,主要通过一种能够通过下调炎症和增加调节性T细胞与效应T细胞的比率来抑制GVHD。目前正在开发两个适应症:预防和治疗类固醇治疗后复发的急性GVHD。昂科免疫的CD24fc则是靶向免疫检查点,通过抑制Siglec-10从而下调NFκB的活性并抑制促炎细胞因子如TNF-α,IL-6和IL-1的表达。

Ocugen公司则专攻眼科GVHD,眼部GVHD是常见的并发症,发生于40%的同种异体骨髓移植的患者中,会导致眼表和泪腺的损害,有发红,发炎和烧灼痛感觉,传统的滴眼液无法缓解,随着时间的流逝,视力受损会大大降低生活质量并限制日常活动。OCU300(溴莫尼定0.18%纳米乳膏剂)主要以两个方面的改进对oGVHD患者起作用:一是无防腐剂配方可以预防角膜损坏;二是采用眼科纳米乳剂技术(OcuNanoE™),以药物将在患者眼睛的表面停留更长的时间,并改善对靶组织的吸收,从而提高其有效性。

GVHD发病率随着HCT在多种血液疾病的运用而增加,在美国发病率约为1-9/10万人,仍属于罕见病的范畴,美国FDA孤儿药资格授予及相关鼓励优惠政策,使得更多新药愿意进入GVHD的细分人群进行开发。

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    2021-06-28 xuyong535
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    2020-09-06 刘煜

    阅读谢谢分享

    0

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    2020-09-05 wincls
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