一文读懂:脊髓灰质炎几个重要事实

2016-08-30 MedSci MedSci原创

脊髓灰质炎(poliomyelitis)又名小儿麻痹症,是由脊髓灰质炎病毒引起的一种急性传染病,具有致残或致命危害。脊髓灰质炎主要通过粪口进行传播。脊灰的临床表现脊灰是一种病毒引起的传染性很强的疾病。脊髓灰质炎病毒对儿童具有极大的危害,小儿麻痹症有可能使儿童终生瘫痪。它侵袭神经系统,可在数小时内造成全面性瘫痪,感染者可出现上呼吸道感染症状,如发热,咽部不适,扁桃体肿大等;可出现胃肠道症状,如恶心、

脊髓灰质炎(poliomyelitis)又名小儿麻痹症,是由脊髓灰质炎病毒引起的一种急性传染病,具有致残或致命危害。脊髓灰质炎主要通过粪口进行传播。

脊灰的临床表现

脊灰是一种病毒引起的传染性很强的疾病。脊髓灰质炎病毒对儿童具有极大的危害,小儿麻痹症有可能使儿童终生瘫痪。它侵袭神经系统,可在数小时内造成全面性瘫痪,感染者可出现上呼吸道感染症状,如发热,咽部不适,扁桃体肿大等;可出现胃肠道症状,如恶心、呕吐、腹泻或便秘,腹部不适等;也可出现流行性感冒样症状,如头痛、乏力、关节和肌肉酸痛等,还会出现累及脊髓前角灰质、脑及脑神经的病变,导致肌肉麻痹,留下终生残疾甚至死亡。 

脊髓灰质炎重要事实

1,脊灰(脊髓灰质炎)主要影响五岁以下儿童。
2,每200例感染病例中会有一例出现不可逆转的瘫痪。在瘫痪病例中,5%至10%的患者因呼吸肌麻痹而死亡。
3,1988年以来,脊灰病例数减少了99%以上,从当时估计的35万例减至2015年的74例报告病例。这一减少是全球努力消灭该疾病的结果。
4,如今,仍流行脊灰的国家由1988年超过125个减少到只剩下两个(阿富汗和巴基斯坦)。
5,只要还有一名儿童感染有脊灰病毒,所有国家的儿童就仍有感染该疾病的危险。如果不能将这些最后仍然持续发生脊灰6,传播的情况加以消灭,在十年之内就会使全世界每年出现的新发病例多达20万例。
7,在多数国家,全球性工作通过建立有效的监测和免疫系统拓展了能力,从而能对付其它传染病。

如何预防

脊灰没有特效药,只能采取预防措施。多次接种脊灰疫苗,可使儿童获得终身保护。至今世界上有两种类型的疫苗:减毒活疫苗(OPV)和注射灭活病毒疫苗(IPV)。

减毒活疫苗(OPV):病毒的致病效果被削弱,且携带突变基因以防止它们感染民众。然而,在极少数情况下,这些病毒可以恢复它们的致病效果。在免疫力低下的民众体内和他们的粪便中也发现了它们的存在,这使得病毒的致病性及对民众感染性增加。 

注射灭活病毒疫苗(IPV):虽然灭活病毒本身是安全的,但是生产它们的过程有很大风险。为了大量研制这些疫苗,研究人员必须灭活足够多的活病毒。当前的研究中,Philip Minor研究所的旨在探索可用的减毒活疫苗及它们的潜在隐患。WHO建议疫苗制造商转向使用减毒株Sabin。因此,Minor和同事打算采用Sabin作为研究的起点。他们改变了Sabin的RNA以使其更加稳定。研究人员利用4项指标以分析新型疫苗的特性。

目前,世界卫生组织倡导使用Sabin株生产的IPV,日本已于2012年引入Sabin株生产的IPV。我国研发的Sabin株IPV疫苗也已经上市使用。 

我国使用的是单价Ⅰ型OPV和三价OPV(Ⅰ型+Ⅱ型+Ⅲ型),在常规免疫和补充免疫活动中均使用三价OPV,在新疆输入脊灰疫情应急免疫活动中使用过单价Ⅰ型OPV。 
  
国外疫苗公司生产的IPV于2009年获准在我国上市,包括IPV单苗和含IPV成分的联合疫苗,已作为第二类疫苗,按“知情、自愿、自费”的原则在使用。经过20多年的历程,中国医学科学院医学生物研究所研发的Sabin株IPV于2015年1月14日获得国家食品药品监督管理总局的生产注册申请。 从2015年下半年开始,在北京市、天津市、吉林省、湖北省、宁夏回族自治区和广东省部分地区实施首剂IPV纳入常规免疫试点工作。 

经国务院同意,自2016年5月1日起我国实施新的脊髓灰质炎(以下简称“脊灰”)疫苗免疫策略,停用三价脊灰减毒活疫苗(tOPV),用二价脊灰减毒活疫苗(bOPV)替代tOPV,并将脊灰灭活疫苗(IPV)纳入国家免疫规划。调整脊灰疫苗免疫策略是全球最终实现消灭脊灰目标的重要步骤,新策略的实施既有助于减少脊灰减毒活疫苗所致的相关病例的发生,同时也可有效降低脊灰野病毒输入和传播风险。

根据国家统一部署,结合本市实际,自2016年5月1日起本市全面实施脊髓灰质炎序贯免疫程序(即2月龄、3月龄各接种1剂次IPV,4月龄、4周岁各接种1剂次bOPV),并全面停止使用tOPV。本市各相关医疗卫生机构在2016年5月15日前将按照要求对本市范围内所有tOPV进行清点、回收和封存,并由市、区县疾病预防控制中心予以集中统一销毁。(上海全面停止使用三价脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗

参考来源

1,上海全面停止使用三价脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗 上海卫生计生委网站

2,New strains intended for the production of inactivated polio vaccine at low containment after eradication,  PLOS ONE, doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005316

3,世界卫生组织 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/zh/

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=143919, encodeId=d3e6143919c1, content=确实很不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161012/IMG57FE37B9D8B7C2781.jpg, createdBy=05f31956923, createdName=1e128d2fm65(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Oct 11 10:03:29 CST 2016, time=2016-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=111305, encodeId=bba411130594, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Mon Sep 05 10:25:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1483115, encodeId=2c0714831153b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=19398461920' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脊髓灰质炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84619, encryptionId=19398461920, topicName=脊髓灰质炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b9117881304, createdName=12498c32m70暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Sep 01 01:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=107459, encodeId=57e910e45950, content=好文章,感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=06731943211, createdName=靠近你, createdTime=Tue Aug 30 12:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=107358, encodeId=89c210e3580a, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Aug 30 11:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=107356, encodeId=008110e35658, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Aug 30 11:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=107345, encodeId=249810e345d9, content=脊髓灰质炎, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Tue Aug 30 11:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-11 1e128d2fm65(暂无匿称)

    确实很不错

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=143919, encodeId=d3e6143919c1, content=确实很不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161012/IMG57FE37B9D8B7C2781.jpg, createdBy=05f31956923, createdName=1e128d2fm65(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Oct 11 10:03:29 CST 2016, time=2016-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=111305, encodeId=bba411130594, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Mon Sep 05 10:25:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1483115, encodeId=2c0714831153b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=19398461920' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脊髓灰质炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84619, encryptionId=19398461920, topicName=脊髓灰质炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b9117881304, createdName=12498c32m70暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Sep 01 01:54:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=107459, encodeId=57e910e45950, content=好文章,感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=06731943211, createdName=靠近你, createdTime=Tue Aug 30 12:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=107358, encodeId=89c210e3580a, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Aug 30 11:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=107356, encodeId=008110e35658, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Aug 30 11:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=107345, encodeId=249810e345d9, content=脊髓灰质炎, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Tue Aug 30 11:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-05 李东泽

    很好,不错,以后会多学习

    0

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    2016-08-30 靠近你

    好文章,感谢分享

    0

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    2016-08-30 doctorJiangchao

    继续关注

    0

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    2016-08-30 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

    0

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    2016-08-30 刘煜

    脊髓灰质炎

    0

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