Science:阿尔茨海默病30年谜底揭晓!关键蛋白作用被发现!

2019-01-12 Ruthy 转化医学网

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是严重危及中老年人身心健康的中枢神经系统退变性疾病,目前对其发病机制的认识以β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)学说占主导地位。然而,最近几十年国际上所有针对Aβ的靶向性药物基本均告失败,导致相关研究停滞不前。近日,比利时VIB研究所的研究人员破解了一个隐藏了30年的秘密,Aβ的前体蛋白—淀粉样前体蛋白(APP)竟然存在我们不曾知晓的作用途径!而这条途径或许正是AD患者神经元养护、缓解症状的

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是严重危及中老年人身心健康的中枢神经系统退变性疾病,目前对其发病机制的认识以β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)学说占主导地位。然而,最近几十年国际上所有针对Aβ的靶向性药物基本均告失败,导致相关研究停滞不前。近日,比利时VIB研究所的研究人员破解了一个隐藏了30年的秘密,Aβ的前体蛋白—淀粉样前体蛋白(APP)竟然存在我们不曾知晓的作用途径!而这条途径或许正是AD患者神经元养护、缓解症状的关键!

APP—Aβ的前体蛋白

我们知道,AD主要的临床表现为脑组织切片中出现淀粉样斑块,神经元死亡,认知和记忆能力受损,最后脑功能严重受损直至死亡。科学家在大多数AD患者大脑中都发现了Aβ,其具有很强的自聚性,形成以后如不能及进清除,就会很快形成极难溶解的沉淀,这就是淀粉样斑块的主要成分。

Aβ的前体蛋白正是APP,这是一种广泛存在于全身诸多组织细胞膜上的跨膜糖蛋白,在细胞膜内部,APP通过降解生成Aβ。APP会被切成许多不同的片段,每个片段都有不同的功能。

有研究指出,APP可能具有促进细胞粘附、维护突触膜稳定性、抑制丝氨酸蛋白酶活性及参与中枢神经系统免疫反应等功能,同时还可以调节神经元细胞内的Ca2+浓度,从而影响神经元对谷氨酸(GLU)的应答过程,进而影响突触发生及成人的学习记忆过程。既然APP是Aβ的前提蛋白,自然也与AD密不可分。但是,因为APP的结构和功能太过复杂,相似蛋白又多,导致我们对其作用机制仍一知半解。

神秘作用途径—特定片段和受体是关键

既然已证实APP对中枢神经系统,尤其是突触发生及成人的学习记忆过程影响甚深,要了解其作用机制自然要从学习记忆的核心中枢—海马区下手了。研究人员发现,海马区的APP会与特定的神经受体GABABR1a相结合,从而抑制突触功能。

他们指出,这种结合具有明显的特异性,只有含有一段由17个氨基酸组成的多肽的APP片段才能实现该过程。而只要人工合成这个多肽片段,就可以和GABABR1a相结合,成功抑制神经元的活性。


APP与GABABR1a特异性结合


APP与GABABR1a特异性结合抑制神经元活性

我们知道,AD患者的神经元多因细胞内蛋白分子紊乱,Aβ沉积导致“过劳死”,而APP与GABABR1a特异性结合后正好可以通过抑制神经元活性给予神经元喘息之机,这正是维持突触稳定可塑性的关键。研究人员指出,大脑APP的蛋白水平越低,人们的记忆力就越差。

换言之,只要能找到APP类似物,就能增强AD患者大脑神经元的可塑性,养护神经元,进而缓解AD记忆方面的症状,而前面提到的人工合成的带有17个氨基酸组成的多肽的APP片段或许就是维护AD患者神经元稳态的希望,而这正是相关研究的继续发展的契机。


人工合成的带有17个氨基酸组成的多肽的APP片段与GABABR1a结合抑制神经元活性

对AD患者来说,保护突触功能、维护神经元稳态至关重要,这项研究正是为实现这一目标另辟蹊径,即使我们暂时对Aβ莫可奈何,其前体蛋白也能为AD治疗带来新希望。当然这一切研究暂时还处于基础阶段,仍需要更多数据加以证实。有希望总是好事,好消息应该也不会太远的。

原始出处:


Vol. 363, Issue 6423, eaao4827

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    2019-01-28 kafei

    学习学习谢谢

    0

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    2019-01-14 jichang
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    2019-01-12 坚强007

    向科研人员致敬!!!

    0

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