Cell Metab:打破常规认知!赵善刚博士等提出 “降低瘦素抗肥胖”新观念

2019-09-06 BioArt

“窈窕淑女,君子好逑” ,越来越多的现代女性在寻求魔鬼身材速成法。每个胖子都是个潜力股,“管住嘴,迈开腿”目前被认为是最科学的减肥和预防糖尿病的疗法。但是,现代美食的诱惑和长期坚持运动的艰辛阻碍了减肥的步伐。目前,虽然各种减肥瘦身产品充斥于电视和网络中,但是效果不佳且副作用很大。寻找有效的抗肥胖与预防糖尿病的新型的疗法目前不仅是普通人的目标,也是各国科研工作者的重中之重。

“窈窕淑女,君子好逑” ,越来越多的现代女性在寻求魔鬼身材速成法。每个胖子都是个潜力股,“管住嘴,迈开腿”目前被认为是最科学的减肥和预防糖尿病的疗法。但是,现代美食的诱惑和长期坚持运动的艰辛阻碍了减肥的步伐。目前,虽然各种减肥瘦身产品充斥于电视和网络中,但是效果不佳且副作用很大。寻找有效的抗肥胖与预防糖尿病的新型的疗法目前不仅是普通人的目标,也是各国科研工作者的重中之重。

开发新型的抗肥胖疗法自然不可避免的涉及到脂肪细胞。20多年以前,脂肪细胞被认为是简单的能量存储器:当摄入的能量超过机体需要的能量时,过剩的能量以脂滴的形式存储在脂肪细胞中,然而,当机体的能量供应不足的时候,脂肪细胞以脂解(lipolysis)的方式释放能量供机体使用。脂肪细胞分泌的瘦素(leptin)和脂连素(adiponectin)的发现从根本上改变了人们对脂肪细胞的认识,奠定了脂肪细胞作为一种新型的内分泌器官,一举确立了脂肪细胞在代谢研究中举足轻重的历史地位,掀起了脂肪细胞研究的热潮。

瘦素被认为是内分泌研究史上里程碑样的发现。瘦素主要是由脂肪细胞分泌的,在脂肪细胞中敲除瘦素,在血液中,几乎检测不到瘦素水平,说明血液中的瘦素的来源是由脂肪细胞分泌的。脂肪细胞中分泌的瘦素,释放到血液中,然后通过血液运输,穿过血脑屏障,进入到下丘脑中,然后结合瘦素的受体,引起瘦素信号通路的变化,调控一系列的机体反应。目前研究发现,瘦素的主要功能是降低食欲和增加能量的消耗。这两项显着的功能正好符合“少吃多运动”的健康养生观念,也正因为此,瘦素一度被认为是肥胖的“克星”和胖子的福音。然而,提高体内瘦素水平的“瘦素疗法”并没有在临床试验中取得任何令人振奋的结果,因为绝大多数的胖子体内并不缺少瘦素,而且有过高的瘦素。由此产生了“瘦素抵抗”的概念。如何在肥胖人群中重塑瘦素的敏感性是目前一个研究热点。

2019年9月5日,西南医学研究中心的Philipp Scherer教授带领其团队成员(第一作者为赵善刚博士)在Cell Metabolism杂志上在线发表了题为 Partial Leptin Reduction as anInsulin Sensitization and Weight Loss Strategy的研究论文,揭示了通过在肥胖小鼠中降低瘦素水平从而提高瘦素敏感性的新机制,并提出结合瘦素的单克隆抗体可能成为新的减脂和糖尿病治疗的靶向药物。

在本文中,利用转基因小鼠模型,研究者人为的提高肥胖小鼠体内瘦素的水平,然后发现过高的瘦素水平使得原本肥胖的小鼠变得更加肥胖,随之各项代谢指标变差,说明在肥胖的条件下,提高瘦素水平“百害而无一利”。这对当前流行的“瘦素疗法”治疗肥胖的假说予以部分否定。这一实验结果也为降低瘦素水平,改善瘦素抵抗提供了一定的理论依据。

既然提高瘦素导致肥胖小鼠更加肥胖,那么,在肥胖的小鼠中降低瘦素会发生什么?目前还没有任何的研究探讨过这一问题。为了解开这个谜底,该论文的第一作者赵善刚博士用了两种不同的脂肪细胞特异性诱导敲除瘦素基因鼠。然后惊奇的发现,部分降低瘦素的水平能够减缓小鼠变肥胖的速度,而且敲除鼠保持了更好的瘦素敏感性,提高了各项代谢指标。然后,研究者进一步用瘦素的单克隆抗体验证了这一结果,在肥胖的小鼠中注射单克隆抗体后,老鼠显着地降低了进食量,体重降低,各项代谢指标变好。根据这些观察结果,Philipp Scherer 团队提出了“降低瘦素抗肥胖”的新观点,这一新观点对以后的瘦素领域的研究提供了额外的视角。

“降低瘦素抗肥胖”看似是“天方夜谭”的说法,跟主流媒体的认知大相庭径。据该论文的第一作者赵善刚博士说:“其实最开始的时候,我们也非常怀疑我们得到的实验数据是不是正确,我们观察到的东西是不是由某些未知的副作用引起,直到我们用不同的小鼠模型验证得到相似的实验结果,我们才对观察到的“违背常理”的结果给予很大的肯定。”

其实,该论文并没有简单的否定瘦素的作用,在该篇研究论文中,当研究者在瘦素敏感性较高的小鼠中降低瘦素水平时,小鼠也出现了进食增加和体重变重的现象,充分肯定了主流媒体认定的瘦素的功能。“降低瘦素抗肥胖”只适用于较高瘦素水平和瘦素抵抗的情况。另外,这篇论文主要反映出“过犹不及”的道理:太高的瘦素水平引起肥胖,太低或者缺少瘦素也引起肥胖。所以保持“适度”的瘦素才是解决一切问题的关键。什么才是最适合的瘦素水平,该论文作者并没有给出一个合适的界定,另外,该论文提出了降低瘦素可以增强瘦素的敏感性,但是并没有给出具体的分子机制,这一问题会在后续的研究中继续探讨。

据悉,该研究由西南研究中心Phillipp Scherer教授指导完成,西南医学研究中心的Joel Elmquist团队对本课题的完成提供了大力支持,另外,UT 健康中心的Zhiqiang An团队提供了瘦素单克隆抗体的制备和后期的小鼠实验指导。此外,这周刚刚在休斯顿贝勒医学院入职的朱毅教授和天津医科大学的李娜博士提供了大量的实验支持。

原始出处:
ShangangZhao1,YiZhu1,Robbie D.Schul,et al.Partial Leptin Reduction as an Insulin Sensitization and Weight Loss Strategy.Cell Metab.5 September 2019.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.08.005

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    2020-05-24 guojianrong
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    2019-11-03 一闲
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    2019-11-29 维他命
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871416, encodeId=511618e141634, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Wed May 06 13:21:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1888062, encodeId=ed7418880621d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d56611584ec' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Meta#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11584, encryptionId=d56611584ec, topicName=Meta)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d8f4110, createdName=guojianrong, createdTime=Sun May 24 14:21:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1896546, encodeId=c8b91896546ad, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4a391158248' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#MET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11582, encryptionId=4a391158248, topicName=MET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18fc139, createdName=一闲, createdTime=Sun Nov 03 06:21:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1961702, encodeId=aacc1961e02d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Fri Nov 29 09:21:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1366641, encodeId=581f136664112, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5065e125368' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#瘦素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71253, encryptionId=5065e125368, topicName=瘦素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6cc1239, createdName=sodoo, createdTime=Sun Sep 08 00:21:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-09-08 sodoo