全球很大野火与健康研究发现:每年有超过47000巴西人因暴露于野火空气污染而住院治疗

2021-09-10 JACKZHAO MedSci原创

近期,澳大利亚墨尔本莫纳什大学公共与预防健康学院郭玉明教授团队在《柳叶刀行星健康》(

California's wildfire season is 'far from over' as multiple massive blazes  rage, official warns - CNN

近期,澳大利亚墨尔本莫纳什大学公共与预防健康学院郭玉明教授团队在《柳叶刀行星健康》(The Lancet Planetary Health)发表一项关于野火与健康的研究。首次大规模将野火污染的暴露与住院率升高联系起来。

野火是森林和多种植被生态系统面临的最重要自然干扰,也是一种重要的自然灾害。

Risk and burden of hospital admissions associated with wildfire-related PM 2.5 in Brazil, 2000-15: a nationwide time-series study.DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00173-X

过去12个月间,巴西的野火种类增加了12.7%,达到十年来的最高水平。现在最重要和最完整的关于巴西野火健康结果的研究揭示了这种燃烧对健康的严重影响。在过去的 12 个月里,亚马逊地区已检测到 260 起主要火灾,燃烧面积超过 105,000 公顷(260,000 英亩)——面积大约相当于加利福尼亚州洛杉矶。尽管巴西当局于 6 月 27 日禁止未经授权的户外火灾,但超过 75% 的火灾发生在巴西亚马逊地区,在这些地区,木材已被最小化以用于农业生产。

巴西各地住院人数和与野火相关的 PM2·5 浓度的区域差异

研究发现,在2000年1月1日至2015 年 12 月31日期间,空气中与野火相关的好颗粒 (PM2.5) 增加 10 微克/立方米与住院总人数增加 0.53% 相关。这相当于每年每100,000 名居民中有 35人发生住院,即每年有超过 48,000 名巴西人因野火空气污染而住院,主要发生在北部、南部和中西部地区的城市内。该国东北地区的费用最低。

 

与野火相关 PM2·5 增加 10 μg/m³ 相关的全因住院的合并相对风险,按 0-1 天移动平均值按性别和年龄组分层

该研究回顾了16年的1814 个城市超过1.43 亿例住院治疗病例涵盖巴西几乎80%人口发现,“4 岁或年轻的年轻人、5 至 9 岁的年轻人和 80 岁及以上的人的住院总人数明显过多”。在研究的 16 年至 2015 年期间掩盖了近 80% 的巴西居民,评估这些信息与每天与野火相关的空气中 PM2.5 范围那些自治市。即使是对 PM2.5(野火烟雾中的小颗粒物质)的短期暴露,也会引发支气管哮喘、冠心病、中风、肺功能下降、住院和过早死亡。

研究者认为,这些信息揭示了野火对健康的重要影响,早于 2019 年整个巴西的火灾引起了国际社会的关注,最后 12 个月的时间间隔同样激烈。

自20世纪 90 年代以来,巴西各地的火灾频发,主要是由于人类活动导致的森林砍伐和森林退化,例如采矿、伐木和农业。虽然炉膛操作通常发生在 8 月至 11 月的旱季,但与早期的研究一致,旱季的时间正在延长。尽管大多数野火发生在巴西的偏远地区,亚马逊地区这些野火产生的有毒烟雾可以上升到 2000 至 2500 公里的环境中,并传播很远的距离,威胁到数百英里外的人们。

总之,该研究表明暴露于与野火有关的PM2.5是与全因、呼吸道、心血管病住院率有关。0-9 岁儿童和80岁成人及老年人更容易受到与野火有关的 PM2.5 的影响比其他年龄组。 由于火灾及其排放在巴西仍然是一个长期存在的问题,量化与野火烟雾相关的健康影响应该在考虑时提供额外的视角公共卫生保护政策。

岳超,罗彩访,舒立福,沈泽昊.全球变化背景下野火研究进展.生态学报,2020,40( 2) : 385-401.DOI: 10.5846 /stxb201812202762 

全球而言,近年来,全球气候变化下野火研究迅速呈现上升趋势,气候变化对火灾发生的显著影响主要包括大气CO2浓度增加和气温升高。首先,升温和 CO2浓度增加导致生长季延长,提高森林和草原的生物量从而增加地表可燃物载量。其次,全球变暖增加了温带大气层中的闪电数量。已有研究表明,美国大陆地区的闪电数量将增加 50%, 显著提高野火风险,研究预估美国加州 2020—2049年将增加雷击火19.1%。

2019年全球森林火灾呈现以下几个特点:①火灾从季节性爆发向全年性发生转变,火灾发生已经不具有明显的季节性;②在全球气候变暖的趋势下,区域性森林火灾向全球性森林火灾发生转变,从赤道地区到北极圈附近均爆发大规模森林火灾;③高强度火灾次数明显增多,森林火灾的燃烧面积扩大、持续时间长,扑救的难度大。最典型的如澳大利亚的丛林大火,持续燃烧时间长达200多天;④森林火灾发生与国家经济发展、人民生产生活愈发紧密,越来越多的森林火灾是由人为活动所引起。

中国林火灾害研究基本从2000年起开始在SCI期刊发表,2010 年前每年发表在6篇以内,但自2010 年起进入迅速增长期,2018 年已达到26篇,表明中国林火研究已经逐渐进入国际学术视野。

中国森林火灾

2009-2019年中国森林火灾面积、次数统计(数据来自国家林业和草原局)

我国是森林火灾多发国家,1950~2019年间,我国累计发生森林火灾81.8万起,年均1.17万余起。2019年我国共发生森林火灾2345起,受害森林面积约13505公顷。与2018年比,火灾次数减少133起、降幅5.4%,受害森林面积减少2804公顷、降幅17.2%。整体来看,近十年来我国森林火灾次数和火灾面积呈持续下降趋势。在全球气候变化大背景下仍然需要关注野火与健康研究与监测。

 

参考资料:

Risk and burden of hospital admissions associated with wildfire-related PM 2.5 in Brazil, 2000-15: a nationwide time-series study.
DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00173-X

LI Weike,Overview of international forest fire in 2019

岳超,罗彩访,舒立福,沈泽昊.全球变化背景下野火研究进展.生态学报,2020,40( 2) : 385-401.DOI: 10.5846 /stxb201812202762 

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    2021-09-10 神盾医疗局局长Jack

    值得关注

    0

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    2021-09-10 泽9867

    扑不灭吗?

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1753611, encodeId=53281e5361148, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6a57e33772b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研究发现#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73377, encryptionId=6a57e33772b, topicName=研究发现)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7e1736602208, createdName=hanhaisha2020, createdTime=Sun Sep 19 08:57:35 CST 2021, time=2021-09-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1472737, encodeId=bdf114e27374d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ba4a6436107' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#污染#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64361, encryptionId=ba4a6436107, topicName=污染)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=dfe67217539, createdName=小刀医生, createdTime=Sun Sep 12 03:57:35 CST 2021, time=2021-09-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1506624, encodeId=837c15066243e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=529a2e90225' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#健康研究#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=27902, encryptionId=529a2e90225, topicName=健康研究)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f59f9780892, createdName=hxq78319, createdTime=Sun Sep 12 03:57:35 CST 2021, time=2021-09-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1580920, encodeId=650215809205e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cc274831170' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#巴西#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48311, encryptionId=cc274831170, topicName=巴西)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=81dd16663079, createdName=ms9833124466084992, createdTime=Sun Sep 12 03:57:35 CST 2021, time=2021-09-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1016325, encodeId=e99d101632593, content=值得关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200529/3611e9bb629c4e5b81fbd8ce784b06cc/128487eae357460bb98f67d86230c218.jpg, createdBy=ab235268530, createdName=神盾医疗局局长Jack, createdTime=Fri Sep 10 13:37:18 CST 2021, time=2021-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1016324, encodeId=55071016324f1, content=扑不灭吗?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3c2b1620925, createdName=泽9867, createdTime=Fri Sep 10 13:28:18 CST 2021, time=2021-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1016318, encodeId=f29c1016318f3, content=已读已读已读已读已读已读已读已读已读已读已读已读已读已读已读已读, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f03a5433387, createdName=ms5000000518166734, createdTime=Fri Sep 10 13:14:40 CST 2021, time=2021-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-09-10 ms5000000518166734

    已读已读已读已读已读已读已读已读已读已读已读已读已读已读已读已读

    0