安全性和有效性双管齐下 ——关注EGFR-TKI肝毒性 聚焦药物相互作用

2019-06-11 佚名 肿瘤资讯

靶向治疗是继化疗之后出现的一个全新的治疗模式,显着改善驱动基因突变非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者的生存时间以及生活质量。目前为止,在中国获批上市用于一线治疗EGFR突变的EGFR-TKI药物包括第一代的厄洛替尼、吉非替尼、埃克替尼,以及第二代EGFR-TKI阿法替尼和达克替尼等。

靶向治疗是继化疗之后出现的一个全新的治疗模式,显着改善驱动基因突变非小细胞肺癌NSCLC)患者的生存时间以及生活质量。目前为止,在中国获批上市用于一线治疗EGFR突变的EGFR-TKI药物包括第一代的厄洛替尼、吉非替尼、埃克替尼,以及第二代EGFR-TKI阿法替尼和达克替尼等。

这些药物为临床医生和患者提供了多种选择,多项大型临床研究结果和真实世界数据都显示,第二代EGFR-TKI疗效显着优于第一代EGFR-TKI。本文主要从药物的安全性,特别是药物性肝损伤、药物相互作用等对上述几款用于一线治疗的EGFR-TKI做一些比较。

关注EGFR-TKI相关药物性肝损伤(DILI)

2019年《EGFR-TKI不良反应管理专家共识》指出:“EGFR-TKI导致的最常见的消化系统不良反应主要包括腹泻和肝损伤”,而腹泻相对于肝损伤而言,症状更加明显便于发现,并且相对易于管理,而EGFR-TKI相关性药物性肝损伤(DILI)起病相对较隐匿,临床表现通常无特异性,一旦发生,影响呈全身性表现,严重降低患者生活质量。另外,中国有大量慢性乙型肝炎病毒携带者、慢性乙型肝炎患者和脂肪肝等慢性肝病背景的患者,这些因素导致了DILI的诊断和鉴别诊断更具挑战 ,因此对于EGFR阳性晚期NSCLC患者EGFR-TKI相关DILI的管理至关重要。

DILI的发生率相对较高,起病隐匿,诊断难度大

根据目前已公布的不同EGFR-TKI的Ⅲ期临床研究数据,DILI的发生率为5%~55.3%,≥3级的发生率为0.4%~26.3% 。DILI的临床表现相对无特异性,主要根据实验室检查来诊断。部分患者可有乏力、食欲减退、厌油、肝区胀痛及上腹不适等消化道症状。淤胆明显者可有全身皮肤黄染、大便颜色变浅和瘙痒等表现。少数患者可有发热、皮疹、嗜酸性粒细胞增多甚至关节酸痛等过敏表现,还可能伴有其他肝外器官损伤的表现。实验室检查可发现血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、 谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶 (ALP)、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)和总胆红素(TBil)等改变,一旦出现白蛋白降低,凝血功能异常通常提示肝脏受损严重。因此,EGFR-TKI治疗期间需要定期复查肝功能相关指标,以便于早期发现潜在的DILI。

阿法替尼DILI发生率相对较低

就目前已经在中国获批上市用于EGFR突变NSCLC患者治疗的第一代和第二代EGFR-TKI而言,阿法替尼是唯一不经过肝脏代谢的EGFR-TKI靶向药,而其他EGFR-TKI靶向药都通过肝脏代谢。药物不经由肝脏代谢,这意味着阿法替尼对肝功能的影响明显小于其他EGFR靶向药,能显着降低药物性肝损伤的发生风险。《EGFR-TKI不良反应管理专家共识》[1]数据显示,阿法替尼EGFR-TKI相关性药物性肝损伤的发生率相对较低,≥3级不良反应的发生率为1.7%。最近在《中国肺癌杂志》发表的由中国抗癌协会肺癌专业委员会牵头,组织国内肿瘤科、呼吸科、消化科、皮肤科、中医科等众多专家共同拟定的《EGFR-TKI不良反应管理专家共识》(简称《共识》)基于多个Ⅲ期临床试验数据,综合整理出一、二代不同EGFR靶向药发生药物性肝损伤的概率,如表1所示。

药物相互作用影响EGFR-TKI的药物暴露

我们在关注药物应用时不得不关注的一点就是药代动力学,药物要发挥作用必须保持足够的量,但同时又不能产生严重不良反应。对于已经获批上市的药物其剂量是经过Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期临床研究探究并证实的最佳剂量,而年龄、性别、体重差异一般不会影响药物的药代动力学,因此能够影响患者血药浓度的通常为药物的相互作用。

在消化道不良反应的管理中,酸抑制剂的应用极为普遍。酸抑制剂,包括质子泵抑制剂(如泮托拉唑、奥美拉唑)、H2受体拮抗剂(如雷尼替丁)和抗酸剂(如碳酸氢钠),是临床较为常用的药物。研究证实抑酸药可减少第一代EGFR-TKI厄洛替尼和吉非替尼的药物暴露,这意味着,体内药物暴露的降低可能不能达到预期疗效,因此,第一代EGFR-TKI应该避免和质子泵抑制剂同时使用。但是胃酸抑制剂并不影响阿法替尼的药物暴露[12],这意味着在使用第二代EGFR-TKI阿法替尼时可同时使用胃酸抑制剂,这对出现胃肠相关不良反应事件的患者的管理十分重要。

因此,综上所述,对于有肝炎、脂肪肝、酒精性肝硬化等肝功能异常病史,有消化道功能异常需要长期服用胃酸抑制剂,以及老年等特殊的EGFR阳性晚期NSCLC患者人群,一线治疗推荐使用第二代EGFR-TKI阿法替尼,在保证药物治疗疗效的同时尽可能降低药物相关性肝毒性不良反应事件的发生率,进一步延长患者生存的同时改善患者的生活质量。

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    2019-06-13 lsj628
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    2019-06-13 ylz8405
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