JNNP:ALS的基因型相关小脑特征:局灶性小脑病理学和大脑-小脑连接改变

2021-07-11 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

虽然小脑受累是肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)的常见临床特征,大脑-小脑连接的变化主要是从功能研究中推断出来的,并且特定基因型的小脑特征还没有确定。ALS的大多数影像学研究推测小脑在进行性幕上变性的过程中起

虽然小脑受累是肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)的常见临床特征,大脑-小脑连接的变化主要是从功能研究中推断出来的,并且特定基因型的小脑特征还没有确定。ALS的大多数影像学研究推测小脑在进行性幕上变性的过程中起代偿作用,然而尸检研究尚未证实这种变化。认知、行为和锥体外系表现现在都是ALS公认的方面,并得到了令人信服的尸检和放射学观察的支持。虽然额颞叶痴呆与肌萎缩侧索硬化症之间的联系已得到巩固,但ATXN2中长度CAG重复序列扩增与ALS1相关,且脊髓小脑共济失调具有共同的临床特征,但ALS-共济失调连续体的概念仍存在争议。

ALS的常见临床表现,如假性延髓受累、构音障碍、吞咽困难、眼球运动异常、行为功能障碍和社会认知障碍等,通常仅与皮质延髓束退行性变、脑干和颅神经病变、眶额萎缩等有关,这忽略了小脑病理学对这些症状的可能贡献。将影像学发现直接与临床观察联系起来的缺陷是公认的,但ALS中计算影像学的真正价值在于它能够以公正、描述性的方式描述体内疾病负担模式。ALS的小脑成像研究导致了明显不一致的发现,迄今为止,尚未对ALS中ATXN2相关的小脑改变进行系统评估。本文主要目标是在ALS患者队列中对小脑内病理和大脑-小脑连接进行综合和多参数评估。

一项有271名参与者参与的前瞻性影像学研究系统地评估了ALS患者的小脑灰质和白质改变、小脑脚完整性和大脑-小脑连接。参与者被分为四组:(1)在C9orf72中GGCC重复扩增阳性的患者,(2)在ATXN2中携带中等长度重复扩增的患者,(3)没有ALS相关突变的患者和(4)健康对照组。此外,还评估了一名ATXN2等位基因长度为62的ALS患者的小脑轮廓。计算每个小脑小叶的皮质厚度、灰质和白质体积,并辅以形态计量学分析来描述基因型相关的萎缩模式。将贝叶斯分割算法应用于小脑脚体积测量。白质扩散参数在小脑内和小脑脚进行评估。用确定性纤维束造影评估大脑小脑的连通性。

Figure 1

额桥小脑束(FPC)、顶桥小脑束(PPC)、枕桥小脑束(OPC)、颞桥小脑束(TPC)和齿状红丘脑皮质束(DRTC)的造影方法和解剖靶点

基因型队列中致病性C9orf72重复扩增的频率为7.6%。ATXN2等位基因包含8到91个三核苷酸重复序列,最常见的等位基因包含22、23和27个重复序列,频率(病例和对照)分别为87.4%、8.2%和1.7%。观察到ALS病例中较大的ATXN2等位基因在27-33个重复的中间范围内,以及6例ALS患者和1例>33个重复的HC。三核苷酸重复计数≥28, ≥29, ≥30和≥31个较大的等位基因与ALS显著相关,在已确定的ALS风险范围(27–33次重复)1中,ALS的OR为1.72(95%CI 1.04到2.84)。

Figure 3

根据年龄、性别和颅内总体积校正FWE-TFCE,p<0.05时局灶性部分容积减少所示的小脑灰质改变

共有161名ALS患者和110名健康对照者(HC,平均年龄:59.2±10.5)的MRI数据可用于分析。将ALS患者分为三组:(1)散发性疾病已建立突变检测阴性的患者(‘ALS-NEG’,n=133,平均年龄:61.6±10.2,平均修订肌萎缩侧索硬化功能评定量表(ALSFRS-r)评分:36.8±6.6,平均症状持续时间:19.6±9.2),(2)在C9orf72中进行GGGGCC重复扩张的患者(‘ALS-C9’,n=22,平均年龄:56.4±8.9,平均ALSFRS-r评分:37.9±6.8,平均症状持续时间:20.8±6.2)和(3)中度ATXN2重复扩张的患者(‘ALS-ATXi’,n=5,平均年龄:59.6±15.1,平均ALSFRS-r评分:35.8±3.7,平均症状持续时间:18.8±5.9)。两组的年龄、性别、惯用手、症状持续时间和ALSFRS-r评分相匹配。

ALS-NEG的大脑小脑束造影显示FPC(左侧小脑半球至对侧大脑)和DRTC(左侧小脑半球至对侧大脑)的FA减少,以及左侧至对侧FPC和左侧至对侧DRTC的RD增加。ALS-C9患者左至对侧FPC和左至对侧PPC的FA减少,左至对侧FPC和左至对侧PPC的RD增加。在ALS-NEG或ALS-C9组中未检测到大脑-小脑AD变化。在ALS ATXi组中,大脑小脑纤维束造影未捕捉到FA、RD或AD改变。在专门的ROI分析中评估小脑脚的扩散率分布。ALS-NEG和ALS-C9患者的左下脚和右下脚FA减少,而ALS-NEG患者的右上脚和中脚FA减少。ALS-NEG和ALS-C9也显示右上、左下小脑脚RD增高。此外,ALS-C9在右侧小脑上脚显示AD增加(表4)。ALS ATXi组未检测到FA、AD或RD变化。与对照组相比,单一ALS-ATX患者未发现明显的皮质厚度、灰质或白质体积减少和脚扩散性改变。

总之,ALS的特征是局灶性而非全小脑变性。ALS的病理学症状通常归因于其他解剖区域,如构音障碍、吞咽困难、假性球情感、眼球运动异常和认知缺陷,可由ALS的小脑改变调节、加重或部分驱动。

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    2021-07-13 jktdtl