侯明:原发免疫性血小板减少症治疗新策略

2012-06-09 田磊磊 :山东大学齐鲁医院

作者:山东大学齐鲁医院 侯明        原发免疫性血小板减少症(primary immune thrombocytopenia,ITP)是临床最常见的出血性疾病,约占出血性疾病的30%。研究表明ITP是一组异质性疾病,机体对自身血小板抗原的免疫失耐受,从而导致自身抗体介导的血小板破坏和细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)介导的血小板溶解是其重要的发病

作者:山东大学齐鲁医院 侯明

       原发免疫性血小板减少症(primary immune thrombocytopenia,ITP)是临床最常见的出血性疾病,约占出血性疾病的30%。研究表明ITP是一组异质性疾病,机体对自身血小板抗原的免疫失耐受,从而导致自身抗体介导的血小板破坏和细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)介导的血小板溶解是其重要的发病机制之一;而巨核细胞血小板生成不良是新近认识的ITP发病的又一重要机制。近期揭示的一系列新的发病机制为ITP治疗提供了新的靶点。

减少血小板破坏

1.抗体介导的血小板破坏

       抗体介导的血小板破坏增多是ITP的主要机制,大剂量地塞米松
(HD-Dex)可下调ITP患者单核/巨噬细胞活化FcγRI和FcγRII A表达,上调抑制性FcγRII B表达,并下调FcγR介导的单核/巨噬细胞吞噬活性。静脉输注免疫球蛋白、抗CD甜单克隆抗体(MDX-33)、抗-Rh(D)免疫球蛋白可通过封闭或竞争性结合单核/巨噬细胞系统的FcR,减少血小板吞噬。

       我们的最新研究显示,GPII b/ma、GP I b/Ⅳ抗体与静脉注射免疫球蛋白(IVIg)疗效相关。GPI b/Ⅳ抗体阳性ITP患者对IVIg反应性较差,推测GPI b/Ⅳ/Ⅲa抗体通过Fc介导途径引起血小板吞噬,IVIg可封闭FcR,减少血小板破坏;GP I b/Ⅳ抗体则通过Fc之外的途径(如Fab等)引起血小板破坏,导致了IVIg的低反应性,故GPII b/Ⅲa、GP I b/Ⅸ抗体可为IVIg在ITP中的应用提供指导。最近有报道称GP I b/Ⅳ抗体阳性患者对糖皮质激素(以下简称激素)亦呈现相对较低反应性,其具体机制尚待进一步阐述。

       抗CD20单抗(rituximab,利妥昔单抗):与B细胞结合后,诱发抗体或补体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒作用导致B细胞溶解或凋亡。研究显示,标准剂量利妥昔单抗(375 mg/m2,1次/周×4)治疗ITP有效率为60%左右,中位起效时间为5.5周,中位维持时间为10.5个月。利妥昔单抗的出现为ITP的治疗提供了新选择,是目前公认的非切脾的去B细胞治疗新方法。

2.CTL介导的血小板溶解或凋亡

       已被证实是ITP中血小板破坏的重要机制,抑制CTL的细胞毒作用可能成为ITP治疗的新策略。我们的新近研究表明B细胞活化因子受体融合蛋白(BAFF-R-Fc、BR3-Fc)可促进CTL和B细胞凋亡,减少血小板破坏,在ITP治疗中具有潜在应用价值。

促进血小板生成

       研究发现近3/4的慢性ITP患者血浆中促血小板生成素(TPO)水平正常。在体外试验中,ITP患者血清可介导巨核细胞损伤,并降低TPO反应性。故ITP患者存在血小板生成减少和无效生成的现象,这为TPO及其类似物在ITP中的应用提供了理论依据。

1.Romiplostim(AMG531)

       属重组的肽体制剂,可高亲和力结合并激活TPO受体,刺激巨核细胞分化,增加血小板生成。Romiplostim(1μg/kg,1次/周)对未切脾ITP患者的总有效率为88%~95%,持续有效率为61%,对于脾切除后难治性ITP患者的总有效率为79%,持续有效率为38%,疗效可通过剂量调整长期维持,且不良反应相对轻微,患者多可耐受。

2.Eltrombopag

       为口服的非肽类小分子TPO受体激动剂。研究显示,eltrombopag 50~75 mg/d,对难治性ITP有效率为70%~87%,半数患者2周内血小板即可升至50×109/L以上,疗效可通过剂量调整长期维持,且安全性良好,头痛为其最常见不良反应。

3.重组人TPO(rhTPO)

        国内一项多中心临床研究显示:rhTPO(1μg/kg,1次/d)对难治性ITP的近期有效率为60.3%,已被SFDA批准用于治疗激素无效或复发ITP。

       上述促血小板生成制剂的出现,是近年来ITP治疗的重大进展,其推广应用或将变革ITP的治疗方式。

多靶点联合治疗ITP

       ITP是一种异质性疾病,多种机制参与其发病过程。对于一线治疗无效或需较高剂量激素才能维持安全血小板计数的ITP患者(占总数的11%~35%),多靶点联合治疗可针对其发病机制不同环节,从而显著提高ITP的缓解率。目前报道的几种联合治疗措施有:

       1.HD-Dex+利妥昔单抗:国外有报道称HD-Dex与利妥昔单抗(375 mg/m2,1次/周×4)联合应用较HD-Dex单用可使ITP患者产生更高的持续缓解率(63%比36%,缓解6个月以上)。对于单用HD-Dex治疗无效患者,联用利妥昔单抗仍可使其中56%患者获得缓解,且两药合用严重不良反应较HD-Dex单用并无显著增加。故HD-Dex+利妥昔单抗可作为ITP患者脾切除前的有效替代治疗方案。

       2.利妥昔单抗+rhTPO:由山东大学齐鲁医院牵头的一项多中心临床试验显示,利妥昔单抗(375mg/m2,1次/周×4)与rhTPO(300 U•kg~•d-1,1次/d ×14)两药合用对激素无效的ITP患者的总体有效率为76.2%,高于利妥昔单抗或rhTPO单用;两药合用起效时间为9 d,亦短于利妥昔单抗或rhTPO单用。其良好疗效可能与两药的作用机制互补有关,利妥昔单抗可减少血小板破坏,而rhTPO则增加血小板生成,起效时间窗互补,故利妥昔单抗+rhTPO方法应成为难治性ITP治疗的潜力方案。

       3.利妥昔单抗+rhlL-11:其治疗激素无效或复发ITP的多中心临床试验,目前尚未完成,初步结果亦显示出了较高的有效率。

展望

       作为一种自身免疫性疾病,ITP最根本致病原因为免疫失耐受,而T细胞免疫失耐受则处于其发病机制的上游中心环节,在自身抗体的生成和CTL攻击自身血小板中扮演关键角色。恢复T细胞免疫耐受对ITP治疗具有重要意义,这将是今后ITP研究方向的重点。

1.诱导克隆无能

       ITP患者的树突状细胞高表达共刺激分子CD86,为T细胞增强了凋亡血小板抗原的能力,且ITP患者血小板可刺激自体T淋巴细胞增殖,这为ITP中诱导T细胞克隆无能提供了理论依据。我们已应用CTLA-4Ig和(或)环孢素A(CsA)成功诱导了ITP患者血小板抗原特异性免疫无能T细胞,并证实该无能T细胞可显著抑制糖蛋白(GP)反应性T细胞增殖和血小板抗体分泌,为ITP的靶向治疗提供了新思路。

2.恢复T细胞凋亡

       研究显示,ITP患者治疗前外周血T淋巴细胞凋亡明显减少,凋亡指数下降,T细胞Fas蛋白表达明显降低,T细胞凋亡相关基因
A20、Caspase8、BAX表达异常,T细胞激活诱导凋亡(activation-induced cell death,AICD)异常。我们的研究发现,BR3-Fc可恢复ITP患者T细胞和B细胞正常凋亡,其机制尚待进一步研究。

3.调节性T细胞(Treg)与免疫耐受

       活动性ITP患者存在CD4+CD25+Treg细胞数量减少和功能缺陷的现象,恢复其数量或功能,可能是ITP免疫耐受恢复的途径之一。我们首次利用ITP患者自身树突状细胞诱导CD4+CD25-T细胞分化为GP特异性的CD4+CD25- Treg,诱导生成的Treg可显著抑制GP特异性T细胞的增殖和B细胞的抗体生成。该实验的成功为Treg的体外诱导生成及回输来治疗ITP提供了新的思路。

       ITP是一组复杂的异质性自身免疫病,多种机制共同参与了其病理生理过程。随着对ITP发病机制研究的不断深入,更多针对不同发病环节的药物将继续涌现。而对ITP个体发病机制的判断和基于发病机制的个体化治疗将是今后ITP研究的重点方向,针对不同机制的联合靶向干预可望进一步提高ITP的疗效。

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    2021-09-30 ms3000001741732165

    好文章

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    2015-03-02 xiaoai5777

    好文章,超赞

    0

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