Cell:揭示阿尔茨海默病新机制:大脑“清洁工”能量不足,无法清除蛋白斑

2017-08-16 漱石 生物探索

近日,华盛顿大学医学院的一项新研究表明,TREM2的高风险突变会导致大脑中的免疫细胞——小胶质细胞能量赤字。当这些细胞在能量亏空情况下工作时,它们无法有效地清除蛋白斑的积累,因而无法保护神经元免受蛋白斑的损伤。

阿尔茨海默病(AD)的发现至今已过去了一个多世纪,但仍然是一个无法预防,治疗或治愈的疾病。基因及环境被认为是引发该病的重要因素。其中,髓系细胞2中表达触发受体(triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 ,TREM2)就是一个与阿茨海默病密切相关的基因。

近日,华盛顿大学医学院的一项新研究表明,TREM2的高风险突变会导致大脑中的免疫细胞——小胶质细胞能量赤字。当这些细胞在能量亏空情况下工作时,它们无法有效地清除蛋白斑的积累,因而无法保护神经元免受蛋白斑的损伤。

β-淀粉样蛋白是一种黏性蛋白,它是神经元在行使正常功能时产生的一种副产物。如果这些蛋白质未能被迅速清除,聚集形成斑块,它就会损伤附近的神经元。β-淀粉样蛋白斑块是阿尔茨海默病的主要生化特征之一。该研究的资深作者Marco Colonna教授说,“每个人都有一些蛋白斑,但这些小胶质细胞的活动能影响斑块对神经元的损伤程度。”如果小胶细胞功能障碍,大脑就会加速神经退化的过程。如果这些细胞功能更强大,大脑就可以延迟这个过程。”这项研究结果表明,如果能让小胶质细胞保持能量充沛,那么我们就能够减少神经损伤,预先阻止老年痴呆症患者经历认知衰退。这项研究发表在8月10日的Cell期刊上。


图片来源:Cell

能量亏空的小胶质细胞自噬被激活

小胶质细胞是大脑中的清洁工,它们吞噬并破坏死亡的细胞,微生物和分子碎片。Colonna和他的同事之前的研究已经表明,正常的小胶质细胞能够包围蛋白斑,遏制损伤区域。然而,缺乏TREM2的小鼠的小胶质细胞无法完成这些功能,它们会任由蛋白斑更广泛地扩散并损伤神经元。

为了确认为何携带某种TREM2突变的小胶质细胞无法完成自己的职责,Colonna、博士后研究人员Tyler Ulland和博士生Wilbur Song及同事们构建了易产生淀粉样斑和敲除TREM2的小鼠。

当研究人员在显微镜下观察小胶质细胞时,他们发现这些细胞内产生了大量的自噬囊泡(autophagic vesicles),这些自噬异常活跃的小胶质细胞正在消化自身的蛋白质。结合代谢组学和RNA测序,研究人员发现这种异常自噬与mTOR信号通路缺陷有关,而mTOR信号通路能影响ATP水平和生物合成途径,这意味着小胶质细胞的能量储备即将耗尽。接下来,研究人员观察了携带了高风险TREM2突变的老年痴呆症患者尸检的小胶质细胞。这些细胞的自噬系统同样被过度激活。


在AD模型小鼠(5XFAD)中,缺失TREM2会使自噬异常活跃。图片来源:Cell

为小胶质细胞供能,恢复其吞噬功能

研究人员推测,如果TREM2缺乏导致了能量短缺,那么为小胶质细胞提供额外的能量或许能会恢复它们的工作能力。研究人员用一种能量丰富的化合物——Cyclocreatine处理小鼠小胶质细胞,果然发现这些小胶质细胞重新包围了淀粉样蛋白斑块。

为了验证这种化合物是否能减少活体大脑的损伤,研究人员给敲除TREM2的小鼠喂食了6个月的Cyclocreatine或安慰剂。结果发现,在喂食Cyclocreatine的小鼠的大脑中,小胶质细胞包围蛋白斑,神经元损伤显着减少。

Ulland说:“如果你补充小胶质细胞的代谢能力,你可以减少很多损伤。这表明,小胶质细胞需要状态良好才能处理这些对神经元的威胁。”


能量补充(+cyclocr)可以保护Trem敲除的AD模型小鼠的神经元。(蓝色:淀粉样蛋白斑。红色:小胶质细胞)图片来源:Cell

寻找具有类似Cyclocreatine功能的物质

Cyclocreatine和它的类似物肌酸(creatine)被作为膳食补充剂出售来增肌。然而,这些化合物与心脏病、肾脏疾病和代谢问题有关。研究人员已经开始评估其他能够支持能量代谢,同时又没有Cyclocreatine副作用的化合物。

Colonna说:“我们强烈反对去商店为你的父母或祖父母购买Cyclocreatine。服用Cyclocreatine,特别是长期服用,会有十分严重的风险。”

TREM2是小胶质细胞上的一种表面受体,它的突变增加了患老年痴呆症的风险,这表明功能齐全的小胶质细胞在大脑抵御疾病的能力中起着重要作用。

Colonna说:“我们正在试图确认能否让小胶质细胞过极度活跃从而使它们的功能比正常情况下更强大。如果只能恢复正常功能,那么小胶质细胞治疗只会对那些小胶质细胞存在缺陷的人有用。但是如果能使小胶质细胞过度活跃,这种疗法或许对每个人都有用。这是一种有趣的可能性。”

原始出处;Tyler K. Ulland, Wilbur M. Song, Stanley Ching-Cheng Huang, et al. TREM2 Maintains Microglial Metabolic Fitness in Alzheimer’s Disease. Cell. 10 August 2017.

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    2017-08-16 惠映实验室

    学习了,谢谢。

    0

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