Cell Stem Cell:终于抓到真凶!科学家发现帕金森病神经元死亡原因,现有药物或可治疗

2018-07-25 奇点糕 奇点网

近期发表在《细胞·干细胞》杂志上的一项新研究找到了犯案“真凶”!德国弗里德里希亚历山大大学(FAU)研究者们发现,帕金森患者大脑黑质部存在大量的辅助T细胞17(Th17),而这些细胞分泌的白介素-17(IL-17)正是导致神经元死亡的关键。在利用患者诱导多功能干细胞(iPSC)构建的体外模型中,拮抗IL-17和其受体都能够阻止神经元的死亡!

近期发表在《细胞·干细胞》杂志上的一项新研究找到了犯案“真凶”!德国弗里德里希亚历山大大学(FAU)研究者们发现,帕金森患者大脑黑质部存在大量的辅助T细胞17(Th17),而这些细胞分泌的白介素-17(IL-17)正是导致神经元死亡的关键。在利用患者诱导多功能干细胞(iPSC)构建的体外模型中,拮抗IL-17和其受体都能够阻止神经元的死亡!

更令我们兴奋的是,一种FDA已批准的IL-17单抗药物就能够起到不错的神经元保护作用,或许我们很快就能看到第一种能够挽救帕金森患者神经元的药物了!

曾经的教条认为免疫细胞不能进入神经中枢,不过近年来研究发现,在病理状态下外周的免疫细胞也可以进入大脑,并引起神经的退化。例如在神经退行性疾病中,T细胞可以穿过存在功能障碍的血脑屏障,又或者可以通过脑底的脉络丛“曲线深入”。

为了搞清楚免疫细胞在大脑里到底做了啥,FAU研究者们对死于帕金森病的患者们的脑组织进行了检查。首先,毫不意外的是,中脑黑质部神经元数量大幅度减少,这是帕金森典型的病理特征。

不过奇怪的是,研究者在黑质神经元周围找到了很多的CD3+T细胞,是未患帕金森的同龄人大脑中的3倍!


PD神经元存活较少,CD3+T细胞更多

不过呢CD3实际上是成熟T细胞的标志,CD3+T细胞下面还是有很多种类,想要找到真正凶手,还需要继续分析。

于是研究者们找到了10位症状较轻的帕金森患者(Hoehn-Yahr分级1-2),抽取他们的血样,和另外10名性别、年龄一致的健康志愿者进行对比。

检测结果发现,帕金森患者血液中分泌IL-17的Th17细胞显着增加了!不过表达其他两种关键的细胞因子,干扰素(IFN)和IL-4的两种细胞倒是没啥大变化。此外,还有一些与细胞死亡有关的T细胞亚型也增加了。

这个Th17细胞增加的特征,和自身免疫疾病也很像啊!


Th17细胞显着增加

看来这事儿可能和Th17有关!

研究者决定在细胞模型中模拟一下整个过程。他们取了一些患者和志愿者的皮肤细胞,重编程为iPSC,再诱导分化为中脑细胞,接着把这些细胞和同来源的T细胞共培养,神经元细胞与T细胞比例和脑组织样本一致。

结果呢?对照组神经元细胞活得蛮好,帕金森组神经元好多都死翘翘了!

研究者尝试把两组神经元和T细胞交换共培养,结果也没发生神经元死亡惨剧,可见这种作用是限定于帕金森神经元和帕金森T细胞之间的。


不同的比例下,PD神经元都在T细胞攻击下死掉了

研究者又取了帕金森神经元和同源T细胞共培养物的上清液,分析其中的细胞因子。不用多说,IL-17自然是表达量高高的,还有其他一些与帕金森有关的促炎因子,比如说TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1b表达量也升高了。

同时,研究者还发现了一个有意思的现象——也不知道是不是为了“迎接”变多的IL-17,共培养之后的帕金森神经元细胞中,IL-17受体的表达也增加了!研究者赶紧又确认了一下患者的脑组织样本,发现黑质神经元确实表达了更高的IL-17受体!

这下真相呼之欲出了,IL-17促进神经元表达IL-17受体,启动了细胞的死亡通路!如果真是这样,那么抑制IL-17或IL-17受体的功能,就可以保护神经元免糟死亡命运了!


IL-17上调神经元细胞的IL-17受体表达

实验结果确实不让研究者失望。添加了IL-17或IL-17受体的抗体之后,神经元果然没有受到T细胞攻击了,死亡率和空白对照组差不多。

研究者还尝试了一种市面上已有的IL-17单抗药物苏金单抗(sekukinumab),也能够很大程度上减少神经元的死亡!


苏金单抗也能够很大程度上挽救神经元

截至2015年,全球有620万帕金森患者。而近年来帕金森发病率高企,根据研究者的预测,2040年患者总数将达到1420万人。

与如此严峻的发病情况相比,帕金森病的治疗目前还比较单一,药物研发也进行得十分缓慢。如果真如研究者们的发现,帕金森病可以作为一种免疫疾病来治疗,那么我们可触及的治疗手段又多了很多。

感谢科学家的不懈努力,我们每对疾病多了解一分,就离攻克它更近一步。

原始出处:Annika Sommer9, Franz Maxreiter, Florian Krach, et al. Th17 Lymphocytes Induce Neuronal Cell Death in a Human iPSC-Based Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Cell Stem Cell. 5 July 2018

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topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e5171668917, createdName=坚强007, createdTime=Fri Jul 27 06:32:39 CST 2018, time=2018-07-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334304, encodeId=67693343045f, content=很不错的一篇文章,为神经退行性病变治疗打开了新思路, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/24/56619d2204a4f29e0d095ee8b2cc94ba.jpg, createdBy=71592404948, createdName=yanxinjiayou, createdTime=Thu Jul 26 13:57:28 CST 2018, time=2018-07-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334291, encodeId=da5b3342911b, content=谢谢,这类文章刚好是临床科研好好看的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101296147/555A0FB2FCCC9F316866F3C63A6ADC46/100, createdBy=18922376798, createdName=totodo, createdTime=Thu Jul 26 10:24:44 CST 2018, time=2018-07-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-11-26 智慧医人
  4. 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  5. 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authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101296147/555A0FB2FCCC9F316866F3C63A6ADC46/100, createdBy=18922376798, createdName=totodo, createdTime=Thu Jul 26 10:24:44 CST 2018, time=2018-07-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-08-26 123aa375m26暂无昵称

    对MSA有用么?

    0

  6. 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  7. 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  8. 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encryptionId=acfae485578, topicName=科学家发现)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e572480, createdName=旅苦化文_208, createdTime=Wed Apr 24 18:47:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1482163, encodeId=c1481482163ac, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8cc416e78f3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#STEM#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16778, encryptionId=8cc416e78f3, topicName=STEM)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d1067833268, createdName=12498bb3m92(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Jul 27 14:47:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334431, encodeId=6033334431a9, content=向科研者致敬, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e5171668917, createdName=坚强007, createdTime=Fri Jul 27 06:32:39 CST 2018, time=2018-07-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334304, encodeId=67693343045f, content=很不错的一篇文章,为神经退行性病变治疗打开了新思路, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/24/56619d2204a4f29e0d095ee8b2cc94ba.jpg, createdBy=71592404948, createdName=yanxinjiayou, createdTime=Thu Jul 26 13:57:28 CST 2018, time=2018-07-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334291, encodeId=da5b3342911b, content=谢谢,这类文章刚好是临床科研好好看的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101296147/555A0FB2FCCC9F316866F3C63A6ADC46/100, createdBy=18922376798, createdName=totodo, createdTime=Thu Jul 26 10:24:44 CST 2018, time=2018-07-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-27 坚强007

    向科研者致敬

    0

  9. 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encryptionId=acfae485578, topicName=科学家发现)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e572480, createdName=旅苦化文_208, createdTime=Wed Apr 24 18:47:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1482163, encodeId=c1481482163ac, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8cc416e78f3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#STEM#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16778, encryptionId=8cc416e78f3, topicName=STEM)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d1067833268, createdName=12498bb3m92(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Jul 27 14:47:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334431, encodeId=6033334431a9, content=向科研者致敬, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, 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authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101296147/555A0FB2FCCC9F316866F3C63A6ADC46/100, createdBy=18922376798, createdName=totodo, createdTime=Thu Jul 26 10:24:44 CST 2018, time=2018-07-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-26 yanxinjiayou

    很不错的一篇文章,为神经退行性病变治疗打开了新思路

    0

  10. 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authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101296147/555A0FB2FCCC9F316866F3C63A6ADC46/100, createdBy=18922376798, createdName=totodo, createdTime=Thu Jul 26 10:24:44 CST 2018, time=2018-07-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-26 totodo

    谢谢,这类文章刚好是临床科研好好看的

    0

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帕金森病(PD)是一种常见的神经系统变性疾病,具有高度异质性。不同病人疾病进展的速度不同,目前尚不能治愈。近期,约翰斯·霍普金斯大学的科学家们开发出了一种实验性药物,可缓解帕金森病的症状并延缓其进展!这意味着患者有望终结这种“生命的颤抖”,摆脱帕金森的噩梦!

Stem Cell Rep:动物所利用胚胎干细胞分化的神经细胞改善帕金森猴运动障碍

近日,中国科学院动物研究所干细胞与再生医学创新研究院胡宝洋课题组与周琪课题组合作在Stem Cell Reports杂志在线发表了题为Human Clinical-grade Parthenogenetic ESC-derived Dopaminergic Neurons Recover Locomotive Defects of Nonhuman Primate Models of Parkin