孩子发烧是细菌感染还是病毒感染?教你秒懂血常规!

2018-02-06 佚名 浙医在线

血常规中的白细胞总数和分类是临床医生诊断和治疗疾病重要的参考资料,尤其在儿科急性发热、感染性疾病诊治中,血常规检查常是区别细菌性感染或病毒感染以及感染严重度必不可少的手段。所以孩子生病后去医院看病,常常有医生建议去做血常规化验。在儿科发热的患儿,白细胞和分类值常反映感染性炎症,也常作为鉴别细菌性或非细菌性感染的指标。


1从血常规结果区分细菌感染还是病毒感染

血常规中的白细胞总数和分类是临床医生诊断和治疗疾病重要的参考资料,尤其在儿科急性发热、感染性疾病诊治中,血常规检查常是区别细菌性感染或病毒感染以及感染严重度必不可少的手段。所以孩子生病后去医院看病,常常有医生建议去做血常规化验。在儿科发热的患儿,白细胞和分类值常反映感染性炎症,也常作为鉴别细菌性或非细菌性感染的指标。

白细胞数高于正常,一般指示有感染或炎症。但仅凭借一个白细胞数目不够准确,在检查白细胞数目时还要进行白 细胞的分类。白细胞可分为中性细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、嗜酸性细胞、嗜碱性细胞等。其中,细菌感染时中性细胞多增高,超过70%;病毒感染时淋巴细胞多增高,超过50%。

如果在白细胞增高的同时存在中性细胞的增高,比较符合细菌感染,应选用抗生素治疗;

在白细胞“正常”或稍降低水平的同时存在淋巴细胞增高,比较符合病毒感染。

现医院化验单上均以成人正常值为标准,不少儿科医生也以此标准值去判断不同年龄患儿,这是一个很大的误区。一些医生也常常机械地将白细胞总数和中性粒细胞增高诊断为细菌感染,必须要结合临床症状来看。

小儿各个年龄段白细胞的数值:

出生时:白细胞数9——30/×109/L;

2周:白细胞数5——21/×109/L;

3个月:白细胞数6——18/×109/L;

6个月——6岁:白细胞数6——15/×109/L;

7——12岁:白细胞数4.5——13.5/×109/L;

成人:白细胞数4——10/×109/L

以上数值只供参考,必须还要结合临床症状。

2血常规之“专家说”

血常规化验属于一种辅助诊断, 不是孩子一生病就必须做的检查。

“验血在感冒或流感初期是没有意义的,因为它的结果对治疗没有帮助,因为感冒流感都是病毒感染,抗生素没用,即使白细胞偏高。但如果病人的烧过个4-5天没有退下去,或者精神或呼吸愈来愈差,那时候再验血才有意义。如果白细胞很高,那要考虑有没有肺炎等并发症。如果不高,有时可以再观查一两天。”------和睦家王惠民

“血常规化验属于一种辅助诊断,不是孩子一生病就必须做的检查;医生会根据病情决定是否有必要做。”-----天津和睦家儿科

“国内外医生和家长对"感染"的认识差别极大。若无确切证据(细菌抗原检测、细菌培养)仅是发热、咳嗽、流涕是不用抗生素的。他们认为血常规检测、便常规检测的意义不大。虽然看起来有些过激,但也不能依赖抗生素。更不能抗生素+抗病毒药同时用。频繁使用抗生素可损伤婴幼儿免疫系统。”-----崔玉涛

" 与家长交谈中得知,之所以很多孩子接受抗生素治疗,主要是过分依赖血常规检查。只要孩子出现不适,血常规提示白细胞增高,就会选择抗生素治疗。任何炎症都会刺激白细胞增多,这是人体免疫系统保护人体的标志。过分、快速降低白细胞实际上是破坏人体自身保护机制“-----崔玉涛

3血常规化验结果需配合临床分析才有意义

“血常规化验不是定性诊断试验,结果必须结合临床分析才有意义。轻微超出正常范围并不一定具有临床意义。”-----天津和睦家儿科

“现今对血常规的判断常会出现偏差。首先,仪器自动检测不够精确。因婴幼儿血液中白细胞较小,容易出现分类错误。常理来讲,中性细胞大于淋巴细胞,所以经常出现淋巴细胞偏高现象。再有,不同年龄血液中细胞数量正常值不同。4-6岁之内,血液中就是淋巴细胞偏高。化验检查是辅助检查!”-----崔玉涛

“血常规和CRP不是唯一判断细菌感染的指标,还需要结合宝宝当时的病情,很多应激都可以造成白细胞和CRP的升高,的确容易和细菌感染混淆。明确病因是重点,”-----北京和睦家儿科

“如何解释血常规中白细胞的检测结果。白细胞1万2是不是就是异常?要结合孩子年龄来分析,对于小于1岁的婴儿这是正常结果。白细胞增高就一定意味着细菌感染?要结合孩子伴随症状来判断。孩子又吐又拉,查出来的白细胞计数肯定高于正常,这是由于血液浓缩造成的,建议纠正脱水后再复查。”-----和睦家凃绘玲

“学龄前孩子血常规中分类的数值与标注的对照值(成人)不一样,由于个别医生专业知识差解释的不对于是十分紧张。其实对于学龄前的孩子血常规分类出生后是有很大变化的:出生后一周淋巴细胞开始逐渐升高(40——60%),中性粒细胞下降(31——40%);4——6岁中性粒细胞升高(50——70%),淋巴细胞下降 (20——40%)。“-----儿科专家张思莱

“血常规化验指标略低于正常底线,但临床上无任何不适,一般表明这就是这个人的正常血常规指标,天生如此,不需做进一步检测。”------天津和睦家儿科

4接种疫苗后的不适,血常规检测不具参考意义

“接种疫苗后出现发热等反应并不可怕。当体温>38.5,就可服退热药。伴轻度胃肠、呼吸表现的只需加强生活护理即可。疫苗本身就是病菌碎片或减毒、灭活的病菌体,进到体内会对刺激免疫系统产生抵抗真正疾病的抗体。对疫苗后的不适,血常规无价值,更不要以此依据而用抗生素或抗病毒药。”----崔玉涛

“疫苗接种后给予抗生素治疗,简直是胡来!五联疫苗包括白喉、百日咳、破伤风、脊髓灰质炎、B型嗜血流感杆菌五种疫苗,其中除了脊髓灰质炎,全是细菌。接种疫苗后,体内出现反应,检查结果当然类似细菌感染(C反应蛋白偏高)。使用抗生素,就会减弱疫苗接种效果。”------崔玉涛

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    2018-02-09 vcochan

    学习了.好文...

    0

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    2018-02-08 ssnine
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286437, encodeId=265228643e9a, content=学习了.好文..., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/01/05/ea53ce4e48bc627a0c8d1ce5486bc3d2.jpg, createdBy=a2661696170, createdName=vcochan, createdTime=Fri Feb 09 07:32:22 CST 2018, time=2018-02-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1280668, encodeId=b6a0128066822, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=beefe810798' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细菌感染#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78107, encryptionId=beefe810798, topicName=细菌感染)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6779163, createdName=liuhuangbo, createdTime=Thu Feb 08 10:19:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1376885, encodeId=63c813e6885fe, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ddc13e87938' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#发烧#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37879, encryptionId=ddc13e87938, topicName=发烧)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=25c8396, createdName=ssnine, createdTime=Thu Feb 08 10:19:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=285832, encodeId=414f28583203, content=非常好.谢谢分享.学习了.必要时可以查降钙素原, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/21/9461f3b3c9f14e1d844256cdd08f2cf3.jpg, createdBy=a30f1426910, createdName=swfzhanggui, createdTime=Wed Feb 07 06:28:05 CST 2018, time=2018-02-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=285794, encodeId=4bd5285e949d, content=学习了.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NdgSW0vVibEHQRlKXLlvMibvcHmy5ibwM7Luib2am6ywX6FqBrXibF8k7JVEzriaOSghltmYz1nomRd6TgSp2Yj9xHGAY/0, createdBy=9b2f2045808, createdName=haige, createdTime=Wed Feb 07 00:22:37 CST 2018, time=2018-02-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-07 swfzhanggui

    非常好.谢谢分享.学习了.必要时可以查降钙素原

    0

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    2018-02-07 haige

    学习了.谢谢分享!

    0

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导语:临床上经常遇到发热的患儿,家长不明白小朋友身体出了什么状况,尤其是不清楚由什么引起发烧的时候真的是心急如焚啊!对此,香港儿科医学会表示其实这是因为小朋友的免疫系统还未完善,容易受到外来细菌的感染。而发烧正是身体免疫机制起作用的一个表现,是与病原菌作出的一种保护性反应。那么体温多少度才算是发烧呢?小儿一天之内正常的体表体温在36~37度之间,假若孩子的平均体温达到或高于37.5℃时,就要考虑到