右心房内的神奇“孤岛”,守护着P波?丨深度解析

2018-12-27 李学斌 何金山 医学界心血管频道

患者是46岁中年女性,既往经历过2次二尖瓣修补术,术后出现了起源自右心房的房速,进行了射频消融术,本次因出现呼吸困难和乏力就诊,就诊心电图如图1。如果只看肢体导联的话,我们可能觉得这没什么特殊的,P波消失,代之以f波,RR间期绝对不齐,这不就是房颤吗?

病例挑战

患者是46岁中年女性,既往经历过2次二尖瓣修补术,术后出现了起源自右心房的房速,进行了射频消融术,本次因出现呼吸困难和乏力就诊,就诊心电图如图1。如果只看肢体导联的话,我们可能觉得这没什么特殊的,P波消失,代之以f波,RR间期绝对不齐,这不就是房颤吗?


图1:本例患者奇特的心电图表现,肢体导联看起来符合典型房颤的心电图表现,但V1导联却在房颤的背景下,记录到了清晰而规律的P波(红色星号)。

但是,如果我们把视线移到了V1导联,惊悚的事情便出现了,红色的星号标记的规律出现的波,显然不是QRS波或T波或U波,更不是干扰,那只能是P波了。What?说好的房颤,说好的P波消失,哪来的规律出现的P波?

■ 问题1:患者就诊时心电图提示心律是什么?

■ 问题2:V1导联规律而清楚的P波又是怎么回事?

■ 问题3:造成这种现象的可能原因是什么?

■ 问题4:如何进一步明确诊断

病例解析

房颤和P波,这两个老死不相往来的 “冤家”竟凑在一块了?惊讶归惊讶,但我们的职责就是发掘奇特心电图背后的故事,这样的异常心电图,正中我们的下怀。

房颤终止后,P波还在?

咱们先从患者的病史入手,患者为中年女性,已经做了2次二尖瓣修补术,风湿性心脏病导致的二尖瓣病变可能性还是很大的,出现房颤不足为奇,而且患者现在的乏力、呼吸困难症状,和房颤也是吻合的。随后患者进行了电复律,终止了房颤,RR间期也变得规律了,但是异位的P波还在(图2)。


图2:电复律后房颤终止,RR间期变得整齐,但V1导联上仍可见到规律的P波,其他导联对应位置也能发现。

而且我们注意到,PP间期固定,RR间期固定,PR间期不固定,说明此时的P波和QRS波之间,并没有传导和被传导的关系!房颤的f波能够下传,异位的P波不能下传,这选择性的房室传导阻滞,又是怎么回事?

“孤独”的低电压区,预示着什么?

患者右房大折返性房速射频消融术后,维持窦律长达5年之久,因而这次出现房颤之后,她决定再次对房颤尝试射频消融,射频消融术中,我们对右心房和左心房进行了电压标测(图3),红色为低电压,代表瘢痕或纤维化,紫色为正常电压,代表正常的心肌。电压标测的结果显示,右房侧壁存在一个低电压区。但这和房颤时出现P波有什么关系呢?


图3:房颤消融手术时,在右房侧壁记录到一片孤立的低电压区。

我们回头去看图2,电复律后显露的清晰的P波,在V1导联正负双向,在II、III、aVF导联负向,和电压标测记录到的右房低电压区是吻合的。也就是异位的P波,很可能反映的是右房内这个独特低电压区的电活动。

房颤和P波的纠葛,真相如何大白?

如此我们可以做出下面的猜测:

右心房内的低电压区,和右心房的其他部位以及左心房,存在着电和解剖的隔离,其内存在着电活动,就是我们看到的异位的P波,但这个P波和右心房的电活动以及左心房的电活动没有任何关系,当然,也不能沿着房室结下传,和心室的电活动也没有任何的关系。

所以当房颤发生时,左心房和右心房的一部分在房颤,而这个右心房内的“孤岛”却没有受到房颤的影响,规律地发放着自己的电活动。从而出现了房颤时记录到清晰规律的P波的“奇异现象”!

但上述猜想是否准确,有没有证据呢,我们通过电生理检查的方法可以验证一下。在放置好冠状窦电极后,再在右房低电压区放置一根电极,而后起搏冠状窦。我们发现,只有冠状窦电极上的A波和起搏信号有关,右房低电压区也可以记录到心房的电活动,但和起搏信号没有任何的关系,也就是这个区域的电活动,和左心房是完全隔绝的!

因而,房颤发生时,左房在颤动,但这个区域犹如“世外桃源”,还是维持着原来的电活动,形成自己的P波,这也是房颤时却可以看到清晰的P波的最终谜底。


图4:冠状窦起搏时,可见冠状窦上的A波和起搏信号相关,右房低电压区内的A波和起搏信号无任何关系。PiRA代表右房低电压区内的电活动。

那么这个右心房内孤立的低电压区又从何而来呢?既往的两次二尖瓣置换术和一次射频消融手术可能要负主要责任。

电生理检查和射频消融介入治疗,为我们解开了很多心电图方面的难题,同时,复杂的手术操作本身可能也制造了一定的难题。我们只有把心电图放到临床实际中,结合病史,结合电生理检查,才能获得最终的真相,了解到心电图背后的故事,这也是心电解剖室一直坚持的宗旨。

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    2019-08-14 hongbochen
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    2019-11-11 wgsun
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    2018-12-31 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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    2018-12-29 sodoo
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    2018-12-28 topnew

    一个非常新鲜的病历

    0

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