超21年队列研究:胰岛素抵抗新生物标志物与冠心病风险增加600%相关

2021-03-14 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

2型糖尿病,值得每个人重视,尤其是年轻人!

近年来,冠心病逐渐年轻化。据国家卫健委发布的数据显示,从2007 年到2009 年,25 岁以上人群急性心肌梗死的发病率逐年上升,特别是35 到44 岁人群的发病率上升幅度最大——三年中增加了31.8%。

 今年一月,《巴啦啦小魔仙》凌美琪扮演者孙侨潞去世,死因疑似是心梗猝死,年仅25岁。回想1年前,35岁男星高以翔因心源性猝死离世,引起大众关注。

 为何冠心病频频盯上年轻人?

世界卫生组织将冠心病分为5大类:心肌梗死、猝死、心绞痛、无症状心肌缺血、缺血性心力衰竭。

 来自百翰妇女医院和梅奥诊所的研究人员发现胰岛素抵抗的新生物标志物(LPIR)与早发冠心病风险增加600%相关,年龄在55岁以下的2型糖尿病女性罹患冠心病的风险将增加十倍。该研究结果于2021年1月20号发表在《JAMA心脏病学》(JAMA Cardiology)上。

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 Association of Lipid, Inflammatory, and Metabolic Biomarkers With Age at Onset for Incident Coronary Heart Disease in Women. 

2. DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.7073

 该研究是一项前瞻性队列研究,共有28024名45岁以上的女性参加,中位随访时间为21.4年。研究员将参与者按冠心病发病年龄分为4个年龄组(<55、55至<65、65至<75和≥75岁)。评估指标有超过50种临床、脂质、炎症和代谢危险因素和生物标志物。研究员使用分层Cox比例风险回归模型计算了调整后的危险比(aHRs)。

 研究结果发现,在大约50种生物标志物中,相比于我们常知的低密度脂蛋白(LDL)胆固醇(或“坏”胆固醇)和血红蛋白A1C(血糖水平)等标志物,胰岛素抵抗的新生物标志物LPIR)与早发冠心病风险增加600%相关,而低密度脂蛋白胆固醇仅与CHD发作风险增加40%有关。

脂蛋白胰岛素抵抗(LPIR)是一个强有力的预测生物标志物。(LPIR)评分由核磁共振谱法测定的六种脂蛋白参数构成。

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不同脂质指标与不同年龄段发生CHD的相关性

 

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炎症指标与不同年龄段发生CHD的相关性

在临床因素中,糖尿病对冠心病发病的校对风险比(aHR)最高!从55岁以下发病者的10.71到75岁以上者的3.47。55岁以下参与者发生冠心病的风险因素还包括代谢综合征(aHR,6.09)、高血压(4.58)、肥胖(4.33)和吸烟(3.92)。

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临床风险因素和脂质生物标志物与不同年龄段发生CHD的相关性

 因此,在这项队列研究中,胰岛素抵抗,2型糖尿病及其代谢综合征是导致冠状动脉早发的主要原因。此外,55岁以下肥胖的女性患冠状动脉疾病的风险增加了四倍,该年龄段的吸烟或患有高血压的女性也是如此。

 这项研究提示有必要对年轻糖尿病患者进行早期的血管风险监测和评估。 筛查和适当的前驱糖尿病管理可能有助于心血管疾病的一级和二级预防

 糖尿病(DM)被世界卫生组织(WHO)认为是四大非传染性疾病之一。据国际糖尿病联合会(IDF)2019年数据预测,到2045年,全球糖尿病患者将增长51%,达到7亿。在我国,自1970年代以来,总体患病率一直在增加,东北地区患病率最高。

 

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idf.org

 

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地理区域T2DM的患病率。按地理区域进行的亚组分析的流行趋势。颜色越深,患病率越高Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among inland residents in China (2000-2014): A meta-analysis. DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12514

 值得让人注意的是,现在糖尿病越来越年轻化,全球40岁前确诊糖尿病的发病率不断升高。在亚洲,已经有1/5的糖尿病患者都属于年轻发病人群。家族遗传和肥胖是年轻发病糖尿病患者的主要原因。

年轻人糖尿病患者住院率与死亡率更高。在2020年11月12号,《柳叶刀》发布了一份重磅报告,在这份报告中,专家重点强调了糖尿病发病年轻化所带来的不容忽视的影响。年轻发病的糖尿病是指在40岁之前被诊断为糖尿病。在这份报告中,研究显示,相比于老年糖尿病患者,年轻糖尿病患者的死亡率更高!

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doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32374-6. Epub 2020 Nov 12

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按年龄和国家分列,与一般人相比,糖尿病患者全因死亡率的标准化比率

这些实验结果更加让每个年轻人对糖尿病重视起来,那在平时生活中,怎样预防糖尿病呢?

 一项发表在BMJ的系统性综述报告研究显示,食用较多的全谷物和坚持健康的饮食模式,会降低2型糖尿病的发病率,而摄入较多的红肉总量、加工肉和加糖饮料,则会增加发病率。(健康的饮食详情请见往期文章:促炎饮食、抗炎饮食,你知多少?

那对于糖尿病患者的建议是什么呢?

根据《国家基层糖尿病防治管理手册(2019)》,糖尿病在诊断初期应首先考虑生活方式干预,即运动和饮食;如果生活方式干预血糖不能达标,则应开始药物治疗。

 发表在柳叶刀子刊(The Lancet Diabetes) 的随机对照研究显示,在糖尿病早期(3年内),给参与者提供配方的低能量饮食代餐产品,然后逐步重新引入食物,并结合体育活动支持,治疗12个月之后,可以显著降低体重,改善血糖水平。干预组平均体重降低11.98kg。超过60%的参与者的糖尿病得到缓解,超过30%的参与者出现正常血糖。

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Effectof intensive lifestyle intervention on bodyweight and glycaemia in early type 2diabetes (DIADEM-I): an open-label, parallel-group, randomised controlledtrial. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 8(6), 477–489. doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30117-0

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12个月内参与者的体重变化

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12个月内达到关键减重目标的参与者比例。

强化生活方式干预可以使大部分早期糖尿病的年轻人在心脏代谢结果方面得到改善,对健康有潜在的长期益处。

 总之,对于冠心病和2型糖尿病,都是预防胜于治疗。健康的生活方式是预防慢性疾病的关键。在这春暖花开的美好日子里,希望每个读者都健康喜悦与幸福。

 

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    2021-04-02 baoya
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    2021-03-15 皮皮2021

    感谢分享

    0

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    2021-03-15 carrotlyl

    健康生活方式

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