Nat Med:来自精液的“益寿分子”

2017-04-10 高云浩 张士超 科研圈

在电影《生命的意义》中,英国喜剧组合 Monty Python 传唱的《每个精子都是神圣的》成为经典。他们也许未曾深入研究“生命”,但从生物化学的角度看,精胺这种物质对生物体确实有非常重要的意义。

在电影《生命的意义》中,英国喜剧组合 Monty Python 传唱的《每个精子都是神圣的》成为经典。他们也许未曾深入研究“生命”,但从生物化学的角度看,精胺这种物质对生物体确实有非常重要的意义。

17 世纪末,被誉为“显微镜之父”的安东尼?列文虎克第一次在其显微镜下凝视着自己精子时,可能也会惊叹于精子的不可思议并从此对其视若珍宝。然而在惊叹于造物主的鬼斧神工之时,他还发现了样品中的一种结晶。1678 年他向英国皇家学会报告了这一发现。之后两百年里,先后有几位科学家相继独立发现这种晶体存在,然而在这段时间里没有一位科学家对其感兴趣,也没有人意识到其重要价值。

这种结晶化合物因其发现于精液中而得名精胺。但直到 20 世纪 20 年代,精胺及其相关分子亚精胺的化学结构才为科学家所认识。

精胺与亚精胺的结构,和其他多胺并无太大不同:都是链状有机分子,链上有多个氨基,作为主要官能团。七个碳原子排成之字形长蛇阵——这是亚精胺,精胺的碳要涨到十个——在阵列的中间和两端,各有一个氮原子挥舞着氢原子手臂。倘若肯再加三碳一氮,辅以精胺合成酶,便可将其转变为精胺。



精胺分子三维结构。图片来源:Shutterstock

亚精胺不只与精胺结构相关,亦是其前体物质。腐胺(其名源于腐肉,同样存在于精液中)在亚精胺合酶作用下转变成亚精胺,而后又转变成精胺。这些多胺是形成精液气味的关键所在。春季到来,它们也存在于某些品种树木那不可描述的味道里,画面太美自行脑补。

早期研究发现精胺大量存在于人类精液中,其含量远超人体其他组织中精胺含量。此后,化学家发现腐胺、 精胺、亚精胺广泛存在于真核细胞中。一言蔽之,单从其普遍性来看,精胺在全身细胞代谢活动中都扮演了重要角色。

那么精胺和亚精胺究竟有什么作用?

对精胺的早期研究角度各不相同。俄罗斯研究者 Poehl 曾分离出精胺,并声称其结构可能具有生理学的活性。具体来讲,他推测精胺可以增加血液碱性,并以此增加血液运载能力从而提升人体生理能力。虽然后来证明这个推测是错的,但精胺的确具有一定增加活力的作用。

多胺是携带氨基的分子,带有正电,因此遇到带有负电的分子时会有强烈反应。在细胞里大部分带负电的分子恰恰就是 DNA、RNA 、蛋白质等。这便意味着,精胺和亚精胺与细胞分裂、生长、存活过程存在密切联系。实验发现抑制或消耗动物细胞中多胺可致使 RNA 翻译和胚胎发生停滞,终止细胞周期进行,抑制细胞分化。

1992 年12月发表于 PNAS 的一篇论文推测: 精胺和亚精胺可保护 DNA 免受自由基氧化损伤。虽然此推测侧重于生育方面意义,但有很多人期待利用这一研究假说理解生命的另一端——衰老。

研究发现机体组织中多胺水平会随年龄增长趋于下降,但减少的是哪些多胺、与所在器官有多大关联还有待解答。另有实验发现,无法合成精胺和亚精胺的转基因小鼠皮肤褶皱、缺少毛发,虽然各脏器并无病理学异常,但其寿命短于普通小鼠。

另一方面,研究者为酵母、小鼠、人类等机体补充多胺时发现,当这些机体中多胺增加,相对应的细胞活动随之增加,死亡率随之降低。2016 年11月发表于 Nature Medicine 的研究(Cardioprotection and lifespan extension by the natural polyamine spermidine)提出了三个有趣的结论︰其一,作为膳食补充剂的精胺延长了小鼠寿命,可能对血管系统有益; 其二,亚精胺可以改善高血压大鼠的血压; 其三,据报告人类在食用富含亚精胺食物(如蘑菇、大豆、切达干酪)后将更有可能降低血压并减少血管疾病发病风险。

精胺的抗衰老作用机制至今还不得而知,但除了抗氧化和细胞代谢正向调节外,自噬现象似乎在这之中也起重要作用。自噬是细胞实现自身代谢的一项基本过程。如果细胞不能及时清除错误折叠的蛋白质和受损细胞器,将会妨碍细胞自身正常功能。当细胞中控制自噬的基因未能正常表达时,亚精胺延长寿命的作用也随之消失,这进一步说明自噬与亚精胺作用存在强关联性。

互联网上售卖亚精胺的网页随处可见,有的作实验药品卖,有的作保健品卖。虽然是否买来食用是你自己的事情,但需要提醒读者的是,相关关系不等同于因果关系,而且酵母、 果蝇、小鼠不等同于人。该领域以人类为研究对象的研究仍十分缺乏。此外学术界对多胺与癌症之间相关性亦有激烈讨论,目前尚不了解多胺是否会诱导癌症发生或维持癌细胞增殖。诚然道阻且长,亚精胺用作抗衰老药的研究数据仍相当具有价值,毫无疑问这是之于“生命的意义”新的诠释。

原始出处:

Eisenberg T,Abdellatif M,Schroeder S,et al.Cardioprotection and lifespan extension by the natural polyamine spermidine.Nat Med.

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    2017-05-31 133****4869

    蘑菇、大豆、干酪好东西。

    0

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    2017-05-08 医张生

    抗衰老,神了。加油加油的。

    0

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    2017-08-13 liye789132251
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=204568, encodeId=7ed4204568cc, content=蘑菇、大豆、干酪好东西。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/05/30/99bec6cc787188da3751f87718b3f54e.jpg, createdBy=86442053325, createdName=133****4869, createdTime=Wed May 31 00:41:45 CST 2017, time=2017-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=195338, encodeId=de4f1953380c, content=抗衰老,神了。加油加油的。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=01bb1684217, createdName=医张生, createdTime=Mon May 08 09:16:05 CST 2017, time=2017-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881876, encodeId=3bb618818e672, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Sun Aug 13 19:45:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1296539, encodeId=e7061296539a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=efe0e645817' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#精液#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76458, encryptionId=efe0e645817, topicName=精液)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=hb2008ye, createdTime=Tue Apr 11 23:45:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1607375, encodeId=376e160e375e8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Tue Apr 11 23:45:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=186393, encodeId=c13718639393, content=文章不错,值得分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Apr 10 10:33:58 CST 2017, time=2017-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-04-11 hb2008ye
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=204568, encodeId=7ed4204568cc, content=蘑菇、大豆、干酪好东西。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/05/30/99bec6cc787188da3751f87718b3f54e.jpg, createdBy=86442053325, createdName=133****4869, createdTime=Wed May 31 00:41:45 CST 2017, time=2017-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=195338, encodeId=de4f1953380c, content=抗衰老,神了。加油加油的。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=01bb1684217, createdName=医张生, createdTime=Mon May 08 09:16:05 CST 2017, time=2017-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881876, encodeId=3bb618818e672, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Sun Aug 13 19:45:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1296539, encodeId=e7061296539a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=efe0e645817' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#精液#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76458, encryptionId=efe0e645817, topicName=精液)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=hb2008ye, createdTime=Tue Apr 11 23:45:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1607375, encodeId=376e160e375e8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Tue Apr 11 23:45:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=186393, encodeId=c13718639393, content=文章不错,值得分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Apr 10 10:33:58 CST 2017, time=2017-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=204568, encodeId=7ed4204568cc, content=蘑菇、大豆、干酪好东西。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/05/30/99bec6cc787188da3751f87718b3f54e.jpg, createdBy=86442053325, createdName=133****4869, createdTime=Wed May 31 00:41:45 CST 2017, time=2017-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=195338, encodeId=de4f1953380c, content=抗衰老,神了。加油加油的。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=01bb1684217, createdName=医张生, createdTime=Mon May 08 09:16:05 CST 2017, time=2017-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881876, encodeId=3bb618818e672, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Sun Aug 13 19:45:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1296539, encodeId=e7061296539a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=efe0e645817' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#精液#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76458, encryptionId=efe0e645817, topicName=精液)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=hb2008ye, createdTime=Tue Apr 11 23:45:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1607375, encodeId=376e160e375e8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Tue Apr 11 23:45:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=186393, encodeId=c13718639393, content=文章不错,值得分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Apr 10 10:33:58 CST 2017, time=2017-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-04-10 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章不错,值得分享

    0