Diabetes:糖尿病人嗅觉减退?可能是这种病的前兆!

2018-05-04 黄晶 医师报

近期,南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院内分泌科朱大龙教授、毕艳教授研究首次发现,在2型糖尿病患者表现认知衰退症状前,嗅觉相关脑区已发生激活改变。受损的嗅觉脑区功能连接与神经心理测试、嗅觉行为学测试得分呈正相关,为糖尿病相关认知障碍的早期预测和评估提供了重要的新线索。(Diabetes 2018;67:1)


近期,南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院内分泌科朱大龙教授、毕艳教授研究首次发现,在2型糖尿病患者表现认知衰退症状前,嗅觉相关脑区已发生激活改变。受损的嗅觉脑区功能连接与神经心理测试、嗅觉行为学测试得分呈正相关,为糖尿病相关认知障碍的早期预测和评估提供了重要的新线索。(Diabetes 2018;67:1)

该研究以糖尿病患者为对象,通过功能磁共振(fMRI)首次探索了2型糖尿病患者嗅觉脑区功能影像学改变情况,并分析其影像变化与糖尿病相关代谢指标的相关性。

该研究共纳入认知功能正常的2型糖尿病患者51例,非糖尿病41例,进行详细的认知功能评估、嗅觉行为学测试以及嗅觉任务态fMRI扫描。将两组间差异显著的脑激活区作为种子点区域进行功能连接分析,并采用中介分析评估嗅觉系统、认知功能和糖尿病参数三者之间的相关性。

结果显示,2型糖尿病患者与非糖尿病对照者相比,嗅觉阈值得分显著降低。嗅觉任务态fMRI分析提示,两组受试者大脑嗅觉相关区域(包括初级嗅觉皮层、眶额叶皮层和海马)对气味刺激表现出广泛的双侧激活;与对照者相比,糖尿病患者嗅觉脑区左侧海马、海马旁激活显著降低;种子点区域与对侧眶额回功能连接减弱(图1)。

研究证明,受损的嗅觉脑区功能连接与认知测试、嗅觉行为学测试得分呈正相关。进一步分析发现患者的胰岛功能和执行功能之间的关系是由嗅觉行为和嗅觉脑区功能连接所介导的。

因此,本研究发现2型糖尿病患者在量表可测出的认知衰退症状前,嗅觉相关脑区已发生激活减弱改变,为糖尿病相关认知障碍的早期预测和评估提供了重要的新线索。



图1  受试者种子点区域功能边接变化

A:2型糖尿病患者的种子点区域进行功能连接分析;

B:对照组种子点区域进行功能连接分析;

C:校正相关因素后,结果表明,与对照组相比,糖尿病患者脑功能连接性显著降低;

D、E:在糖尿病患者中,与左下额和中眼窝前额皮质联系的种子点区域,功能明显下降。

研究者解读

首次将“糖尿病-认知-嗅觉”组队研究

糖尿病是痴呆的独立危险因素,其痴呆风险是非糖尿病人群的1.5~2.5倍,但其机制值得进一步探索。毕艳教授强调,多项研究表明糖尿病相关认知障碍与阿尔茨海默病常见的病因,如β淀粉蛋白沉积无明显相关,因此我们在研究前推测,糖尿病相关认知障碍可能存在其独特的发病机制,包括胰岛素通路受损及血糖控制欠佳等。

毕教授指出,嗅觉功能受损与神经退行性病变以及认知功能下降相关,可作认知障碍的早期诊断指标。并且与目前通用的评估认知功能的心理学量表相比,嗅觉功能测定具有不受教育背景等因素干扰的优势,可作为一个评价早期认知障碍以及观察认知衰退进程的预测指标。

“有意思的是,通过查阅文献,我们发现糖尿病患者比正常血糖者更容易发生嗅觉功能受损,但目前关于糖尿病患者嗅觉影像学研究尚且缺乏。”她表示,因此研究把糖尿病患者、认知功能以及嗅觉功能磁共振三者联系起来,探索了嗅觉在糖尿病相关认知衰退中的作用。

为糖尿病认知功能障碍研究提供了新思路

“近年来,糖尿病相关认知功能障碍逐渐受到各方重视,但其中机制尚不清晰,并且目前也没有能够延缓或逆转认知下降的药物,因此早期预防和发现特异性改变尤为重要。”毕教授强调,核磁共振检查较以往实验室检查而言,具有无创和高分辨率的优势,该研究从功能学角度出发,寻找到了糖尿病相关认知衰退的早期影像学特征改变,为糖尿病相关认知功能障碍的研究提供了一些新的思路。

她进一步强调,大脑也是对胰岛素敏感的器官之一,大脑中胰岛素及其受体广泛分布,尤以嗅觉脑区的受体浓度最高。胰岛素通过与受体结合,调节脑细胞能量代谢过程以及神经递质传递活动,进而能影响认知和嗅觉感知功能。

“研究发现胰岛细胞功能水平与认知功能、嗅觉脑激活和功能连接呈正相关”,毕教授表示,这个结果提示保护胰岛功能可能对延缓糖尿病患者认知衰退的进程有帮助,当然这需要进一步的随机对照试验来验证。

她希望通过进一步随访受试者,验证扩大相关的影像学数据库,进而建立起早期预防、评估、干预糖尿病相关认知功能障碍的体系。

有了好思路  更要有多方支持

毕艳教授讲述了试验过程中,参与试验者的大力支持。由于试验设计的要求,生化实验室抽血检查、认知功能嗅觉测试以及磁共振扫描被安排在不同的时间,需要受试者分多次过来进行被试,并且每个测试完成所需的时间也比较长,但参与试验的的志愿者都非常配合,牺牲了自己业余时间,甚至有些受试者从外地专程赶来,认真完成了全部测试,保证实验数据的准确性,很令人感动。

“我们是首个探索糖尿病嗅觉脑功能改变的课题组,”毕教授表示,因为前人经验比较少,课题组摸索了很多分析方式,也走了不少弯路,她希望这些宝贵的研究经验可以帮助其他有兴趣的课题组,希望更多的学者开展相关方面的研究。

毕艳教授表示,临床发现很多患者都认为自己患糖尿病后认知功能较前明显下降。在课题组去社区医院进行认知功能筛查时,很多患者表示很希望能够进一步全面评估他们的认知功能和脑功能。毕教授强调,糖尿病相关认知功能障碍筛查应该进一步推广、相关机制值得被关注并深入探究。

原始出处:

Zhou Zhang1, et al.Altered Odor-Induced Brain Activity as an Early Manifestation of Cognitive Decline in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes 2018 May; 67(5): 994-1006. https://doi.org/10.2337/db17-1274

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    2018-05-04 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

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    2018-05-04 医者仁心5538

    学习了

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    2018-05-04 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

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