这例胸痛的罪魁祸首竟是……

2018-03-24 因果 医学界内分泌频道

患者,男性,18岁,因“胸痛、呼吸急促5小时”就诊。该患者入院5小时前无明显诱因下出现胸痛,胸痛部位以胸骨下段为主,呈持续性,较剧烈,无放射性感觉,伴明显呼吸急促,深呼吸及进食动作后明显,该患者无畏寒发热,无咳嗽咳痰咯血呼吸困难,无腹痛腹泻、恶心呕吐等伴随症状。

患者,男性,18岁,因“胸痛、呼吸急促5小时”就诊。该患者入院5小时前无明显诱因下出现胸痛,胸痛部位以胸骨下段为主,呈持续性,较剧烈,无放射性感觉,伴明显呼吸急促,深呼吸及进食动作后明显,该患者无畏寒发热,无咳嗽咳痰咯血呼吸困难,无腹痛腹泻、恶心呕吐等伴随症状。

体格检查:

T:37.5℃,P:115次/分,R:28次/分,BP:113/67mmHg,BMI:18.6kg/m2,神清,无意识障碍,急性脱水貌,唇无发绀,听诊双肺呼吸音粗,心率115次/分,余(-)。腹平软,剑突下有轻压痛,无反跳痛。

急诊查:

血气分析:PH 6.944,实际碳酸氢盐(AB):1.5mmol/L,剩余碱(BE)-:35.2mmol/L;血糖21.5mmo1/L,血钾3.20mmo1/L;尿常规中尿糖4+,尿酮体3+。心电图提示窦性心动过速。心肌酶谱、床边胸片、胸痛三联征CT、腹部彩超未见明显异常。

急诊总结病情:

尿酮呈阳性,血糖明显升高,动脉血气提示代酸合并低钾,无冠心病、肺栓塞等致死性胸痛病因证据。结合患者体征考虑存在糖尿病酮症酸中毒伴有胸痛。

立即开放静脉通路积极补液(急诊共静脉补液3225ml)、纠酸、补钾及胰岛素(皮下注射10单位)等对症治疗后收住内分泌科住院治疗。

住院后进一步检查提示:

GAD-Ab阳性、胰岛素抗体(AIA)阴性、抗胰岛细胞抗体阴性、抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体、抗核抗体全套阴性,C肽释放试验结果为(空腹-30min-1h-2h-3h):0.08-0.10-0.11-0.15-0.16nmmol/L,糖化血红蛋白:16.1%。

明确诊断为:糖尿病酮症酸中毒

DKA典型症状是恶心、呕吐、多尿、口干等,临床教学中常以呼气中有烂苹果味为特征,但实际临床诊疗过程中由于其他因素疾病的干扰以及复杂的个体差异情况疾病的表现往往是不典型的,因此在许多病例当中也可出现消化道症状、神经症状、免疫系统症状,甚至关节疼痛等运动系统症状表现的情况,甚至可以其为首发或主要症状。

笔者在消化科转科时就曾遇到一例以急性腹痛就诊的DKA患者,所以临床上如何及早认识、鉴别、诊断非典型DKA显得尤其重要。

1.什么是DKA?

糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)是由于胰岛素严重缺乏和升糖激素不适当升高引起的糖、脂肪和蛋白代谢严重紊乱综合征,其发生常有诱因,包括急性感染、胰岛素不适当减量或突然中断治疗、饮食不当、胃肠疾病、脑卒中心肌梗死、创伤、手术、妊娠、分娩、精神刺激等。

DKA分为轻度、中度和重度。仅有酮症而无酸中毒称为糖尿病酮症;轻、中度除酮症外,还有轻至中度酸中毒;重度是指酸中毒伴意识障碍(DKA昏迷),或虽无意识障碍,但血清碳酸氢根低于10mmol/L。

DKA常呈急性发病。在DKA发病前数天可有多尿、烦渴多饮和乏力症状的加重,失代偿阶段出现食欲减退、恶心、呕吐、腹痛,常伴头痛、烦躁、嗜睡等症状,呼吸深快,呼气中有烂苹果味(丙酮气味);病情进一步发展,出现严重失水现象,尿量减少、皮肤黏膜干燥、眼球下陷,脉快而弱,血压下降、四肢厥冷;到晚期,各种反射迟钝甚至消失,终至昏迷。

2.DKA的诊断

如血清酮体升高或尿糖和酮体阳性伴血糖增高,血pH和(或)二氧化碳结合力降低,无论有无糖尿病病史,都可诊断为DKA。具体诊断标准见下表:



3.DKA的治疗

DKA的治疗原则为尽快补液以恢复血容量、纠正失水状态,降低血糖,纠正电解质及酸碱平衡失调,同时积极寻找和消除诱因,防治并发症,降低病死率。对单有酮症者,需适当补充液体和胰岛素治疗,直到酮体消失。DKA应按以下方法积极治疗。

①补液

能纠正失水,恢复血容量和肾灌注,有助于降低血糖和清除酮体。治疗中补液速度应先快后慢,第1小时输入生理盐水,速度为15~20ml?kg-1?h-1(一般成人1.0~1.5L)。随后补液速度取决于脱水程度、电解质水平、尿量等。要在第1个24h内补足预估的液体丢失量,补液治疗是否奏效,要看血流动力学(如血压)、出入量、实验室指标及临床表现。

对有心、肾功能不全者,在补液过程中要监测血浆渗透压,并经常对患者心脏、肾脏、神经系统状况进行评估以防止补液过多。

当DKA患者血糖≤13.9mmol/L时,须补充5%葡萄糖并继续胰岛素治疗,直至血清酮体、血糖均得到控制。

②胰岛素

小剂量胰岛素连续静脉滴注方案已得到广泛认可,目前推荐采用连续胰岛素静脉输注0.1U?kg-1?h-1,但对于重症患者,可采用首剂静脉注射胰岛素0.1U/kg,随后以0.1U?kg-1?h-1速度持续输注。若第1小时内血糖下降不足10%,或有条件监测血清酮体时,血清酮体下降速度<0.5mmol?L-1?h-1,且脱水已基本纠正,则增加胰岛素剂量1U/h。

当DKA患者血糖降至13.9mmoL/L时,应减少胰岛素输入量至0.05~0.10U?kg-1?h-1,并开始给予5%葡萄糖液,此后需要根据血糖来调整胰岛素给药速度和葡萄糖浓度,并需持续进行胰岛素输注直至DKA缓解。

缓解标准参考如下:血糖<11.1mmol/L,血清酮体<0.3mmol/L,血清HCO3-≥15mmol/L,血pH值>7.3,阴离子间隙≤12mmol/L。

不可完全依靠监测尿酮值来确定DKA的缓解,因尿酮在DKA缓解时仍可持续存在。

③纠正电解质紊乱

在开始胰岛素及补液治疗后,若患者的尿量正常,血钾低于5.2mmol/L即应静脉补钾,一般在每升输入溶液中加氯化钾1.5~3.0g,以保证血钾在正常水平。治疗前已有低钾血症,尿量≥40ml/h时,在补液和胰岛素治疗同时必须补钾。严重低钾血症可危及生命,若发现血钾<3.3mmol/L,应优先进行补钾治疗,当血钾升至3.5mmol/L时,再开始胰岛素治疗,以免发生心律失常、心脏骤停和呼吸肌麻痹。

④纠正酸中毒

DKA患者在注射胰岛素治疗后会抑制脂肪分解,进而纠正酸中毒,一般认为无需额外补碱。但严重的代谢性酸中毒可能会引起心肌受损、脑血管扩张、严重的胃肠道并发症以及昏迷等严重并发症。目前国内指南推荐仅在pH<7.0的患者考虑适当补碱治疗。每2小时测定1次血pH值,直至其维持在7.0以上。治疗中加强复查,防止过量。

⑤去除诱因和治疗并发症

如休克、感染、心力衰竭和心律失常、脑水肿和肾衰竭等。

4.重点总结

◆ 酮体的检测推荐采用血清酮体,若无法检测血清酮体,可检测尿酮体。血清酮体≥3mmol/L或尿酮体阳性(2+以上)为DKA诊断的重要标准之一。

◆ 补液是首要治疗措施,推荐首选生理盐水。原则上先快后慢,第1小时输入生理盐水,速度为15~20ml?kg-1?h-1(一般成人1.0~1.5L)。随后的补液速度需根据患者脱水程度、电解质水平、尿量、心、肾功能等调整。

◆ 胰岛素治疗推荐采用连续静脉输注0.1U?kg-1?h-1;重症患者可采用首剂静脉注射胰岛素0.1U/kg,随后以0.1U?kg-1?h-1速度持续输注。

◆ 治疗过程中需监测血糖、血清酮体或尿酮体,并根据血糖或血糖下降速度调整胰岛素用量。

◆ 在血钾<5.2mmol/L并有足够尿量(>40ml/h)时即开始补钾。

◆ 严重酸中毒(pH<7.0)需适当补充碳酸氢。

◆ 治疗过程应准确记录液体入量及出量、血糖及血清酮体。

◆ DKA的预防:我国研究见到,当随机血糖超过19.05mmol/L(血清酮体≥3mmol/L)时,可预警DKA。

原始出处:

[1]中华医学会糖尿病学分会.中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2017年版).[J].中华糖尿病杂志2018,10(1):24-26.

[2]裘奇松.以胸痛首发的糖尿病酮症酸中毒一例并文献复习[D].浙江大学,2017.

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    2018-05-03 ziguoyuan

    谢谢分享.学习了!

    0

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    2018-04-04 ziguoyuan

    学习一下.谢谢!

    0

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    2018-03-25 yfjms

    学习

    0

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    2018-03-25 雅文博武

    学习了很多先进的医学知识

    0

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    2018-03-24 虈亣靌

    客观性.公正性.讲得很不错

    0

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    2018-03-24 1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称)

    不错的文章值得拥有

    0

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    2018-03-24 天地飞扬

    了解一下.谢谢分享!

    0

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    2018-03-24 wqkm

    ^_^^_^^_^

    0

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