孩子湿疹反复发作,可能是特应性皮炎,护理时要注意这些……

2021-01-25 39健康网 39健康网

孩子总是在面颊、四肢关节处、躯干、眼睑、耳廓、耳后等部位反反复复地起湿疹,还特别的痒。为什么孩子容易长湿疹?孩子长湿疹该怎么护理?

指导专家:广东省妇幼保健院 皮肤科 周真 主治医师

孩子总是在面颊、四肢关节处、躯干、眼睑、耳廓、耳后等部位反反复复地起湿疹,还特别的痒,常常让孩子痒得寝食难安,严重时会影响日常生活及学习,让不少家长很是困扰。

一般家长口中所说的婴幼儿湿疹,大多指的是婴幼儿期的特应性皮炎,特应性皮炎是婴幼儿期最常见的一种过敏性疾病,是一种慢性、复发性、炎症性皮肤病,以干、红、痒及常复发为主要特征,有时甚至合并病毒、细菌等病菌的感染,给患儿的身体健康带来严重危害。据流行病学调查显示,2014年我国12个城市1至12月婴儿特应性皮炎患病率高达30.48%,1至7岁儿童特应性皮炎患病率达12.94%,我国儿童特应性皮炎患者大多为轻中度,分别占74.6%、23.96%,重度仅占1.44%。

特应性皮炎不仅仅是一种皮肤疾病,还与过敏性鼻炎、过敏性哮喘等密切相关

过敏性疾病包括食物过敏、特应性特应性皮炎、过敏性鼻炎、过敏性哮喘等,已经成为21世纪常见慢性非传染性疾病之一。婴儿期特应性皮炎,在儿童期及成人期可能会罹患过敏性鼻炎、过敏性哮喘。特应性鼻炎的发病与遗传和环境因素关系密切。父母亲、兄弟姐妹等家族成员有过敏性疾病史,更易出现特应性皮炎,环境因素包括气候变化、生活方式改变、不正确的洗浴、感染原和变应原刺激等环境因素等。遗传及环境因素共同作用使皮肤表面菌群紊乱、皮肤屏障功能受损、皮肤免疫异常等,是特应性皮炎发生的重要原因,另外,心理因素,如精神紧张、焦虑、抑郁等,也会在一定程度上导致特应性皮炎的发生。

那么,如何才能使孩子免受特应性皮炎的困扰呢?

避免诱发因素

洗:建议儿童选择淋浴,水温不宜太高,32-37℃为宜,洗浴时间不宜太长,5-10分钟为宜。婴幼儿可以清水洗澡,儿童则选择专用于特应性皮炎的洗浴用品。

衣:建议穿宽松柔软、吸汗性好的全棉衣物,减少汗液及摩擦 对皮肤的刺激。

食:虽然特应性皮炎与食物过敏有明显的相关性,但两者是否存在因果关系还存在较大争议,所以,在日常生活中,不建议因为孩子得了特应性皮炎,哺乳妈妈就什么都不敢吃,也不敢给宝宝添加辅食,这样不但不能有效预防疾病,反而有可能导致婴幼儿营养不够,影响其生长发育。特应性皮炎的发生是否因食物过敏引起,需要专业的儿科或儿童皮肤科医生来评估判断。一般来说,有明确过敏的食物,可注意在饮食上暂时回避一段时间,但回避致敏食物的同时应兼顾营养需求,寻求营养充足、安全可靠的替代品以满足孩子的生长发育需求,如确诊为牛奶蛋白过敏的特应性皮炎儿童,除了回避牛奶蛋白外,还需要采用深度水解蛋白奶粉或氨基酸配方奶粉喂养,纯母乳喂养儿或混合喂养儿,乳母注意回避牛奶及奶制品等,并建议每6个月后重新评估患儿是否还存在有牛奶蛋白过敏。

住:控制环境中的过敏原,如尘螨、动物皮屑、花粉等,建议环境中适宜的温度为18-22℃,湿度为50-60%。

防治要从“保湿”开始

因为皮肤屏障功能受损,环境中的刺激物或过敏原透过受损的皮肤引起皮肤发炎,出现红干痒的症状,所以保湿来修复皮肤屏障,达到治疗及预防特应性皮炎的发作。尽量选用成分简单,无香料、无酒精,不含羊毛脂成分的保湿乳或霜,避免选择含动物性油脂保湿剂,如绵羊油、马油等,天然植物油,如茶籽油、橄榄油等,植物性成分,如芦荟汁等,以及各类消字号的抑菌霜、修复霜等。一般来说,乳液适用于夏季及皮肤轻度干燥时,霜或油膏适用于冬季及皮肤中重度干燥时。洗完澡后用干毛巾蘸干(避免来回擦拭)身上的水分后立即(3-5分钟内)涂抹润肤露,涂保湿剂的次数依皮肤的干燥情况而定,比如在涂后2-3小时后皮肤再度干燥,则及时再涂。一般建议儿童每周用量至少100g,成人每周用量250g,并且最好能坚持长期使用保湿产品,甚至在皮炎缓解后也继续坚持使用,预防特应性皮炎的复发。

必要时在医生指导下外用药物治疗

外用糖皮质激素是有效治疗特应性皮炎的一线疗法,但有些家长却往往因为过于担心外用糖皮质激素的不良反应,常常心存顾虑,甚至拒绝使用。其实,家长倒不必因过分担心药物的副作用而拒绝使用,以免延误了病情,一般来说,医生会根据孩子的年龄、皮损性质、部位及病情程度选择不同剂型和强度的糖皮质激素制剂,以快速有效控制皮肤炎症,减轻症状, 但却不建议家长自己随便用药,甚至盲目使用添加了不适合孩子用的激素成分的各种修复霜,天然无添加的湿疹膏、抑菌霜等。

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    2021-01-26 易水河

    过敏是个麻烦的问题

    0

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    2021-01-25 147d5909m36暂无昵称

    用炉甘石可以不

    0

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    2021-01-25 孤舟蓑笠一老翁

    受教,感谢分享

    0

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    2021-01-25 擎苍霸女

    学习了

    0

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    2021-01-25 zt123

    构建人类命运共同体

    0

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