从“知情决策”到“医患共同决策”,未来医疗模式新趋势

2021-01-21 网络 网络

所谓共同决策,不只是信息共享,还包括情感相通,立场与共,利益诉求一致。深层次的交集是价值观(疾苦观、生死观、医疗观)的齐同。共情是临床共同决策的基石,惟有共情,医生才能获得更多的疾病征象,体验,才能进

所谓共同决策,不只是信息共享,还包括情感相通,立场与共,利益诉求一致。深层次的交集是价值观(疾苦观、生死观、医疗观)的齐同。共情是临床共同决策的基石,惟有共情,医生才能获得更多的疾病征象,体验,才能进入患者的情感世界,获得设身处地与感同身受的理解。

现代临床决策中,有两道天然鸿沟,首先,患者接受的是来自陌生人的照顾,其次,是代理决策机制赋予医生更多自由裁量权,虽然患者可以选择医院、医生,但一旦进入诊疗程序,医生有权单方面决定服务科目、频次、掌控服务流程,解读缘由与结果,评判预后,患者只能被动接纳。

从以前所谓的家长式决策,到知情决策,再到现在的医患共同决策,这是一个不断进步的过程。面对未来医疗的发展,患者如何做出“最好的抉择”?业内相关专家齐聚一堂,从科技、人文、生死观等方面,共话“医患共同决策”。 以前,医患之间是家长式的关系,患者完全听医生的,“我说什么,你做什么”。而在现在这个信息时代,人们获得服务和知识越来越方便。人们就医之前,往往会对疾病知识进行检索和初步了解。在这种情况下,医生和患者之间更多的是一种对等关系,医患更像合作伙伴。

医患共同决策

目前来说,不太常见的医患沟通模式,就是所谓的“医患共同决策”。“医患共同决策”其实是患者和医生基于最佳的证据而共同做出的决定。

“在医学里面有四大原则。分别是自主原则、不伤害原则、有利原则及公正原则。其中,有利原则最终是需要由患者决定的;而对于公正原则来说,如不同背景与文化水平都能在看病时参加决策的话,公平性会提高。”郑家强表示。

在医学伦理上,为什么需要做共同决策?“这是因为,共同决策对患者和医疗体制双方来说,都是会受益的。”郑家强说,这其中包括,患者的满意度会提升,他们的医从性也会得到改善,特别是患者在做慢病自我管理的时候会做的更好,成本也会降低从而减少医疗资源浪费。另外一方面,安全性也会随之提高。“目前我们国内医患关系在这么紧张的时候,如果能通过医患共同决策来把医疗纠纷的数量减少,这将是非常好的事情。”

其实大部分的临床情况,临床治疗的选择都是不止一种的。比如说,孩子得扁桃体炎可以做手术也可以不做手术,早期乳腺癌其实可以做全乳房切除或者在肿瘤切除后做术后的放疗。“但是现实做起来是很困难的,在国内经常听到这种声音,‘我一天看几十个病人,哪有时间做这个共同决策的事情’。‘我和患者的关系很好,但是我也不知道如何帮助他们。’‘医患共同决策看起来美好,但做起来太困难了’。”郑家强坦言。

医患共同决策工具

从早期乳腺癌手术治疗方案来看,涉及到方方面面。这时就需要一个决策工具,一个好的医患共同决策工具。当然,其实好的工具最终要比较简单、容易用、短小、灵活,同时肯定需要基于证据的,必须涵盖患者常见咨询或者担心的问题。比如说复发的机会、是否需要再做手术。

另一个就是,必须是没有任何竞争性的利益,例如,外科手术常用的工具不能在没有证据下偏向建议手术,还有一个就是这个工具他要包含使用方式和培训内容。“很简单的一句话,其实背后是基于一大堆长期的医学研究。”

“技能胜过工具,态度胜过技能”。郑家强则强调,因为不是每一个临床情况都能开发一个工具的,开发一个工具其实是需要非常长的时间的。“但是我们需要有这个态度,有这个技术。”

相关工具见:

共同决策问卷医生版(SDM-Q-Doc)

共同决策问卷患者版(SDM-Q-9)

医患共同决策的临床实践

北京协和医院骨科副教授、副主任医师余可谊指出,科技的发展、社会的进步,患者的整体人权意识也随之有所增强。医患关系的“一次性”关系也在逐渐改变。几年前做主治大夫时,大部分患者来看病都没有随诊,看完就走了,这种医患关系就是“一次性”的关系。现在,患者在找医生看病之前,往往先通过网站、微博,对这位医生有所了解。患者慕名而来,医生也不好意思“板着脸”,医患关系在诊疗过程中就成为了朋友。之后长期的随访工作,让这种医患关系更为融洽和稳固。 中日友好医院神经内科分子遗传实验室负责人顾卫红指出,自己在和患者交流的过程中,有个非常深刻的体会——我国绝大多数的患者对医生过度依赖。比如,遇到有些患者,吃了多年的药,在门诊看病时,他却说不出药的名字,只会简单地说“我吃的是白色药片”。作为医生,我们需要了解患者吃药的反应,对患者进行全程管理。很多时候,医生并不愿意去“做家长”,但是患者过度依赖的状态,使得我们目前的行医模式难以改变。谈到未来医疗,我们经常会说到一个词——“颠覆”。或许很多医生会心里有所抵触——医生没想“当家长”,为什么要颠覆?未来医疗中,我们不是质疑医生的价值,而是要解放医生。 

现实中,从医疗服务模式到信息发布,都是以医生为主导,患者几乎没有话语权。他既没有权利参与决策,更重要的是,他也没有能力参与决策。而未来,我们需要把决策权给予患者。医生需要跟患者交流、互动,尊重患者的感受,和患者换位思考,将心比心,多和患者沟通,这才是治疗的真正方式。未来医疗要体现患者对健康和疾病的话语权,其次还要使患者对自我的疾病管理具有信心。我们习惯性与病为敌,不与病为伴。事实上,很多情况下,我们要带病生存。西医容易对生物技术产生崇拜。曾经有人说:“手里拿锤子的人,看什么都像钉子。”但在未来医疗发展中,医生应当带领患者学会和疾病为伴,而不是与疾病为敌。

有道是,知易行难。“医患共同决策”也好,医患双方的体谅也罢,仅仅依靠双方的道德素养提升和法治的约束力显然远远不够,难以从根本上解决矛盾。观念转化为制度、理论转变成实践、体谅落实到行动,终究离不开医疗体制的改革和医药生态的改良作为后盾和支撑。

不管路有多难,医患共同决策是未来的大趋势!

 

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    2021-06-23 ms4000001760817265

    学到了

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=976037, encodeId=efd29e60375c, content=学到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=88395449657, createdName=ms4000001760817265, createdTime=Wed Jun 23 08:27:10 CST 2021, time=2021-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2054038, encodeId=4a3b20540388f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=28b16086327' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#未来医疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=60863, encryptionId=28b16086327, topicName=未来医疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ca282500032, createdName=1249857fm32暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Sep 25 08:39:14 CST 2021, time=2021-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1677732, encodeId=37ee16e7732af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=524c350e166' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医疗模式#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=35071, encryptionId=524c350e166, topicName=医疗模式)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=281527575887, createdName=yangwen5718, createdTime=Wed Jun 23 22:39:14 CST 2021, time=2021-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1284753, encodeId=53201284e53d3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=da9934342b5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医患#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=34342, encryptionId=da9934342b5, topicName=医患)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c0e3195, createdName=millore, createdTime=Sat Jan 23 07:39:14 CST 2021, time=2021-01-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1541872, encodeId=54aa15418e298, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e8ca3108823' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#决策#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31088, encryptionId=e8ca3108823, topicName=决策)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e76e13331157, createdName=ms2999106592497887, createdTime=Sat Jan 23 07:39:14 CST 2021, time=2021-01-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=918822, encodeId=e5ef91882266, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=35d42999e18' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#共同决策#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29997, encryptionId=35d42999e18, topicName=共同决策)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59321624668, createdName=zb1235672, createdTime=Thu Jan 21 21:47:15 CST 2021, time=2021-01-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-01-23 millore
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=976037, encodeId=efd29e60375c, content=学到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=88395449657, createdName=ms4000001760817265, createdTime=Wed Jun 23 08:27:10 CST 2021, time=2021-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2054038, encodeId=4a3b20540388f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=28b16086327' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#未来医疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=60863, encryptionId=28b16086327, topicName=未来医疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ca282500032, createdName=1249857fm32暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Sep 25 08:39:14 CST 2021, time=2021-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1677732, encodeId=37ee16e7732af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=524c350e166' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医疗模式#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=35071, encryptionId=524c350e166, topicName=医疗模式)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=281527575887, createdName=yangwen5718, createdTime=Wed Jun 23 22:39:14 CST 2021, time=2021-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1284753, encodeId=53201284e53d3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=da9934342b5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医患#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=34342, encryptionId=da9934342b5, topicName=医患)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c0e3195, createdName=millore, createdTime=Sat Jan 23 07:39:14 CST 2021, time=2021-01-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1541872, encodeId=54aa15418e298, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e8ca3108823' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#决策#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31088, encryptionId=e8ca3108823, topicName=决策)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e76e13331157, createdName=ms2999106592497887, createdTime=Sat Jan 23 07:39:14 CST 2021, time=2021-01-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=918822, encodeId=e5ef91882266, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=35d42999e18' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#共同决策#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29997, encryptionId=35d42999e18, topicName=共同决策)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59321624668, createdName=zb1235672, createdTime=Thu Jan 21 21:47:15 CST 2021, time=2021-01-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=976037, encodeId=efd29e60375c, content=学到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=88395449657, createdName=ms4000001760817265, createdTime=Wed Jun 23 08:27:10 CST 2021, time=2021-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2054038, encodeId=4a3b20540388f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=28b16086327' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#未来医疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=60863, encryptionId=28b16086327, topicName=未来医疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ca282500032, createdName=1249857fm32暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Sep 25 08:39:14 CST 2021, time=2021-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1677732, encodeId=37ee16e7732af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=524c350e166' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医疗模式#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=35071, encryptionId=524c350e166, topicName=医疗模式)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=281527575887, createdName=yangwen5718, createdTime=Wed Jun 23 22:39:14 CST 2021, time=2021-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1284753, encodeId=53201284e53d3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=da9934342b5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医患#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=34342, encryptionId=da9934342b5, topicName=医患)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c0e3195, createdName=millore, createdTime=Sat Jan 23 07:39:14 CST 2021, time=2021-01-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1541872, encodeId=54aa15418e298, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e8ca3108823' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#决策#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31088, encryptionId=e8ca3108823, topicName=决策)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e76e13331157, createdName=ms2999106592497887, createdTime=Sat Jan 23 07:39:14 CST 2021, time=2021-01-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=918822, encodeId=e5ef91882266, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=35d42999e18' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#共同决策#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29997, encryptionId=35d42999e18, topicName=共同决策)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59321624668, createdName=zb1235672, createdTime=Thu Jan 21 21:47:15 CST 2021, time=2021-01-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]

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