Lancet子刊:复旦余宏杰团队揭示Omicron变异株在上海暴发的时空传播特征

2022-09-08 生命科学前沿 生命科学前沿

在未来的研究中,可定量评估特异的非药物性干预措施的效果,从而更好地为疫情防控提供决策依据。

近期,复旦大学余宏杰课题组在新冠病毒奥密克戎(Omicron)变异株的流行病学及传播动力学领域取得进展,研究成果以“Epidemiological characteristics and transmission dynamics of the outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Shanghai, China: a descriptive study”为题,于9月7日在线发表在Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific(论文链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100592 )。

自2020年第一波新冠肺炎疫情结束后,我国坚持“动态清零”的防控策略,快速遏制了新冠病毒多种变异株引起的暴发。然而,随着Omicron变异株的出现和全球流行,2022年初,我国多地暴发了Omicron变异株引起的新冠疫情,其中上海的疫情最为严重。在疫情暴发前,与全球其他地区相比,上海人群自然感染的免疫水平极低,且主要接种灭活疫苗。而作为人口密度和经济发展水平较高的城市,上海承担了我国30-40%的境外输入航班,境外输入压力巨大。上海Omicron疫情暴发后,尚无研究系统描述Omicron变异株在上海暴发流行的全过程。为此,余宏杰课题组开展了一项流行病学研究,旨在阐述上海Omicron疫情的流行病学特征及传播动力学参数的动态变化。

课题组通过网上公开来源,系统收集了上海市所有新冠病毒感染者(包括有症状患者和无症状感染者)的个案信息。根据上海市采取的防控措施和疫情流行情况,将疫情划分为三个阶段(1月1日-2月28日;3月1日至3月31日;4月1日至5月31日),进而分阶段描述了防控措施、感染者的时空分布和疫情的空间扩散,并估计了第二和第三阶段有效再生数(Rt)的动态变化。

研究结果表明,第一阶段上海市面临不断升高的境外输入压力,大部分境外输入病例来自中国香港特区。其中,2月份到达上海的境外旅客(经航空途径)的阳性率高达96.3例/10万。随后上海本土疫情暴发,截至5月底累计报告了超62万例本土感染者。其中,96%的感染者来自于隔离管控人群,且不同阶段存在差异。

本次疫情在上海呈现了深度的社区传播,波及了99.5%(215/216)的街道/镇,且存在显著的空间分布异质性,37%的街道/镇报告了80%的感染者。在疫情的空间扩散层面,出现了市中心向郊区扩散的趋势,且平均扩散速度逐步下降,从第一周的463米/天下降到全市封控前最后一周的244米/天(图1)。

图1. 疫情不同阶段的空间扩散趋势和传播速度

上海市政府在疫情的第二阶段采取了网格化管理策略,将街道分为重点区域(高风险区)和非重点区域进行管理。研究进一步将非重点区域分为毗邻重点区域的非重点区域(中风险区)和不毗邻重点区域的非重点区域(低风险区)。结果发现,3月16日至3月29日,高风险区的累计感染率高于中风险区和低风险区,但该网格化管理策略仍无法将三个风险区的Rt降至流行阈值以下(图2)。

图2.第二阶段中不同风险区域的疫情动态变化

总体而言,第二阶段的疫情增长率为0.216/天,倍增时间为3.21天,与2022年初香港特区Omicron疫情的结果相近。4月1日全市实施了封锁,两周后Rt降至流行阈值以下,有效遏制了本次疫情的进一步蔓延(图3)。

图3.上海市Rt的动态变化

综上,本研究定量描述了Omicron变异株在上海暴发的时空传播特征,揭示了不同阶段干预措施对疫情传播的动态影响。研究结果强调了在不断增加的境外输入压力下,我国持续面临着本土疫情暴发流行的风险。面对免疫逃逸能力和传播能力均有所增强的Omicron变异株,尽管需要一系列高强度的非药物性干预措施,但“动态清零”的策略依然可以有效控制疫情的暴发。在未来的研究中,可定量评估特异的非药物性干预措施的效果,从而更好地为疫情防控提供决策依据。

复旦大学公卫学院2022级博士生陈志元、2020级博士生邓晓伟和军科院方立群研究员为共同第一作者,复旦大学公卫学院教授、上海市重大传染病和生物安全研究院双聘PI余宏杰和公卫学院青年研究员张娟娟为共同通讯作者。本研究得到国家自然科学基金重点项目(82130093)和上海市青年科技启明星项目(22QA1402300)的资助。

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    2023-04-28 xjy02
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    2022-12-24 howi
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    2022-09-09 saikp

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