Acta Haematol:成功治疗 26 岁女性患者疫苗引起的免疫性血栓性血小板减少症

2022-01-08 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

在高度怀疑 VITT 的所有 VTE 患者中,尽快应用 IVIG 和使用非肝素抗凝剂(如阿加曲班 iv)的父母抗凝治疗。这种策略可能会显着改善患者的预后

在接种 ChAdOx2 nCov-19 (AstraZeneca) 和 Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen) 后,有疫苗诱导的免疫血栓性血小板减少症 (VITT)相关报道。然而,关于 VITT 疑似患者的最佳治疗方案的知识较少。在这里,Acta Haematol期刊报告了一例 26 岁女性患者,她在接种 ChAdOx1nCov-19 疫苗后出现小腿双侧深静脉血栓形成 (DVT) 和血小板减少症,在包括磺达肝癸钠、阿哌沙班和达那肝素在内的初始抗凝治疗方案失败后,该患者接受了大剂量静脉注射免疫球蛋白联合阿加曲班父母抗凝治疗的成功治疗。

案例:

一名 26 岁女性患者于 2021 年 3 月 26 日接种了第一剂 ChAdOx1nCov-19。患者服用仅含孕激素的口服避孕药(去氧孕烯 75 μg)1 年且肥胖(BMI 31 kg/米2) 但不吸烟。无其他血栓形成危险因素,如制动、既往住院治疗或外科手术,无肝素暴露史。由于轻度动脉高压,唯一的联合用药是阿替洛尔。

接种疫苗 9 天后,患者右小腿疼痛和肿胀。血液检查显示 D-二聚体水平升高(2.39 毫克/升纤维蛋白原当量单位 [FEU];正常上限 <0.5 毫克/升 FEU)和孤立的血小板减少症(69,000/μL),排除了假性血小板减少症。静脉超声显示右腘静脉 DVT。在诊断时无法进行针对 PF4-肝素/复合物的抗体的研究。使用磺达肝癸钠(7.5 mg 每天一次)进行初始治疗性抗凝。在住院第 5 天(接种疫苗后第 13 天)重复进行静脉超声检查,发现胫骨后静脉和腓骨静脉出现进行性血栓形成和双侧 DVT。

图:治疗下的 D-二聚体水平和血小板计数。应用高剂量 IVIG(第 1 天和第 2 天为 1 g/kg)和静脉注射阿加曲班后,D-二聚体水平缓慢下降(红线),血小板计数增加(蓝线)。IVIG,静脉注射免疫球蛋白。

此时临床上没有出现脑静脉血栓形成(CVT)或肺栓塞的症状。超声心动图未显示右心室扩张,腹部超声未显示内脏静脉血栓形成。由于针对 PF4/肝素复合物的抗体结果可用并最终呈阳性(Asserachrom® HPIA-IgG,Stago),治疗随后转为达那肝素。同时,患者被分配到我校医院进行进一步的诊断评估和治疗。尽管使用达那肝素抗凝,但 D-二聚体水平持续升高(>20 mg/L FEU)和血小板减少症,研究人员立即将治疗转换为静脉注射凝血酶抑制剂阿加曲班,目标APTT为80-100 s,并在提交后的第1天和第2天联合高剂量IVIG (1 g/kg)。由于患者随后抱怨头痛,进行了脑磁断层扫描 (MRI),排除了 CVT。在阿加曲班和 IVIG 应用的治疗过程中,D-二聚体水平缓慢下降,血小板计数增加。随着患者出现更严重的头痛并开始呕吐,再次进行脑增强 MRI 检查,再次排除 CVT。

住院第 9 天(接种疫苗后第 17 天)的静脉超声检查显示右腓静脉中有残留的血栓形成物质。在 IVIG 应用之前采集的用于肝素诱导的血小板活化测定的血浆样本并送到外部专业实验室显示阴性测试结果。在实验室(血小板 >150,000/μL;D-二聚体 2.04 mg/L)和临床恢复后,抗凝方案从阿加曲班切换到口服利伐沙班,患者出院。病人门诊的临床和实验室随访都很顺利。

研究人员建议在高度怀疑 VITT 的所有 VTE 患者中,尽快应用 IVIG 和使用非肝素抗凝剂(如阿加曲班 iv)的父母抗凝治疗。这种策略可能会显着改善患者的预后。在达到血小板 >150,000/μL 的临床和实验室恢复并通过实验室测试确认 VITT 后,抗凝治疗可以从阿加曲班切换到直接口服抗凝剂,如利伐沙班。然而,对于应用 IVIG 后出现顽固性血小板减少症的患者,应考虑替代治疗方案(如治疗性血浆置换、糖皮质激素和利妥昔单抗)。

 

 

原始出处:

Kemper M, Lenz G, Mesters R, M: Successful Treatment of Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia in a 26-Year-Old Female Patient. Acta Haematol 2021. doi: 10.1159/000519451

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    2022-05-22 windight
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    2022-05-03 changfy
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    2022-01-13 覃医生

    学习了,希望再出类似的

    0

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    2022-01-09 fengyi812

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