Lancet Oncology:加工肉类为何被列为1类致癌物

2015-10-27 sapphira 译 MedSci原创

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2015年10月,22名来自10个国家的科学家参加了法国里昂国际癌症研究组织(IARC)大会,评估了红肉和加工肉类的致癌性。

红肉是指未经加工的哺乳动物肌肉,比如牛肉、小牛肉、猪肉、小羊肉、绵羊肉、马肉、山羊肉,包括剁碎、冷冻和做熟的肉。加工肉制品指使用烟熏、腌渍、添加化学物等方式处理过的食物,除火腿和培根,还包括熏肉和香肠。大部分加工肉制品包含猪肉或牛肉,也可能含有其他红肉、家禽、下水或者血液等。

红肉含有优质蛋白和重要微量元素比如维生素B、铁、锌。脂肪含量根据动物个体不同。肉的加工过程可能生成致癌物,包括亚硝酸盐(NOC)和多环芳香烃(PAH)。烹饪后让肉更好吃,同时也可能产生致癌物,比如杂环芳香胺(HAA)和PAH。高温烹饪会产生更多致癌物。

国家不同,人群中吃红肉的人的比例也不同,少到5%,多到100%,加工肉制品亦然,最少不到2%,最多65%。吃红肉的人们平均每人每天吃50-100g红肉,最多的能吃到每人每天大于200g。具体加工肉制品的数据不详。

工作组评估了800多个不同国家、不同洲、不同种族和饮食习惯调查红肉与癌症关系的流行病学研究。工作组最看重一般人群中的前瞻性群组研究。高质量的对照分析提供了额外的信息。更有价值的是把红肉和加工肉制品分开研究、有丰富问卷、大样本量、干扰因素控制好的项目。

工作组最主要关注了结直肠癌。诸多相关研究都对比了高红肉、加工肉制品摄入量与低红肉、加工肉制品摄入量和结直肠癌的关系。一个Meta分析显示:

每日每人摄入红肉100g,结直肠癌风险上升17%(95% CI 1·05–1·31),每日每人摄入加工肉制品50g,结直肠癌风险上升18%(95% CI 1·10–1·28)。胰腺癌和前列腺癌也与红肉有关,胃癌与加工肉制品有关。

也许人们会疑问,如此庞大的统计量,其中不会有偏差吗?然而工作组回答说有足够的证据证明加工肉制品与癌症正相关,证明红肉与癌症正相关的证据尚有所局限。

动物实验中有一些证据或许可以证明。给予携带结肠癌基因的大鼠低钙饮食,喂红肉或加工肉制品,癌前病变发生率增加。

2013年发表的一篇Meta分析说明了红肉和加工肉制品与结直肠癌正相关。基因毒性和氧化性应激方面,加工肉制品的危害一般。APC基因突变和启动子甲基化分别发生在75(43%)和41(23%)个结直肠癌病人上。烹饪的过程增加了人类泌尿系统细菌的突变。在三个干预试验中,人类氧化性应激标记物(尿液、粪便或血中)的变化与红肉和加工肉制品摄入有关。啮齿类动物实验中,红肉和加工肉类的摄入量增加其粪便中脂质氧化产物。

两项研究中的结肠脱落细胞检查和直肠活检表明,摄入红肉和加工肉制品可在男性结肠中产生NOC,大量红肉摄入(300-420g每天)增加DNA合成水平。加工肉制品的研究数据较少。血红蛋白铁可调节人类和啮齿类NOC和消化道中脂质氧化物的形成。血红蛋白铁可被钙抑制。高温加热肉类产生HAA,HAA有基因毒性,HAA在人类中可转化为有基因毒性产物比在啮齿类中更多。热板或明火烹饪的肉中含有PAH,会引起DNA损伤,但尚未有足够证据。

总地来说,基于大肠癌方面的充分证据,工作组将食用加工肉类分类为“对人类致癌”(第1类)。此外,还发现食用加工肉类与胃癌正相关。

工作组将食用红肉分类为“对人类很可能致癌”(2A类)。在作出这一评价时,工作组考虑了所有相关数据,包括显示食用红肉与结直肠癌正相关的大量流行病学数据,以及发病机制方面的较强证据。红肉的食用量也与胰腺癌和前列腺癌呈正相关。

原始出处:

Véronique Bouvard,Dana Loomis et al-Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat- Lancet Oncology.26 October 2015

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    2016-10-10 howi
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    2016-01-20 minlingfeng
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    2015-10-28 jambiya
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    2015-10-28 qjddjq
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1828271, encodeId=5ae118282e134, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Mon Oct 10 01:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1674375, encodeId=c06316e437597, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e8aa13359b1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Oncology#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13359, encryptionId=e8aa13359b1, topicName=Oncology)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cb7226973259, createdName=circumcision, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 19:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1864719, encodeId=16901864e1949, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=16ce133504e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Oncol#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13350, encryptionId=16ce133504e, topicName=Oncol)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b63894, createdName=minlingfeng, createdTime=Wed Jan 20 20:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1370834, encodeId=10b513e0834da, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c39864991e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#致癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86499, encryptionId=9c39864991e, topicName=致癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2c25323, createdName=jambiya, createdTime=Wed Oct 28 15:10:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1448815, encodeId=c1f21448815ee, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8dde8651197' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#致癌物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86511, encryptionId=8dde8651197, topicName=致癌物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b3005440223, createdName=qjddjq, createdTime=Wed Oct 28 15:10:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=41738, encodeId=938941e3861, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b911658392, createdName=梦想天空, createdTime=Wed Oct 28 10:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=41506, encodeId=9a9c415064b, content=烧烤要少吃。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201205/e96b3d935daf4e258fba69d60175f0ab/b6d3ee4a3a414b8eafaf7c5e905937a2.jpg, createdBy=ad4b83208, createdName=vpssa, createdTime=Tue Oct 27 14:04:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-10-28 梦想天空

    0

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    2015-10-27 vpssa

    烧烤要少吃。

    0

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