原发性肺肉瘤样癌的CT表现与鉴别诊断

2019-10-14 卢跃忠 唐向利 吴英哲 医学影像学杂志

原发性肺肉瘤样癌(PSC)是一种非常少见的、具有较高侵袭性的肺恶性上皮肿瘤,其发病率低侵袭性强,预后差,术后易复发,临床表现无特异性。在2015年WHO肺肿瘤的分类中主要包括了5种亚型代表其形态学谱系:多形性癌(pleomorphic carcinoma,PC),梭形细胞癌(spindle cell carcinoma,SCC),巨细胞癌(giant cell carcinoma,GCC),癌肉瘤

原发性肺肉瘤样癌(PSC)是一种非常少见的、具有较高侵袭性的肺恶性上皮肿瘤,其发病率低侵袭性强,预后差,术后易复发,临床表现无特异性。在2015年WHO肺肿瘤的分类中主要包括了5种亚型代表其形态学谱系:多形性癌(pleomorphic carcinoma,PC),梭形细胞癌(spindle cell carcinoma,SCC),巨细胞癌(giant cell carcinoma,GCC),癌肉瘤(carcinosarcoma,CS)和肺母细胞瘤(pulmonary blastoma,PB)。笔者回顾性分析了6例PSC的影像学及临床病理表现,提高对其诊断水平。
 
1.资料与方法
 
收集2013年1月~2017年4月期间行CT检查并经手术病理证实的6例肺肉瘤样癌患者。其中男性4例,女性2例,年龄42~77岁,平均年龄51岁。临床表现有咳嗽、咳痰,部分患者痰中带血,及发热、胸痛症状。吸烟者4例,吸烟史均在20年以上。
 
采用Toshiba Aquilion 16排螺旋CT,患者取仰卧位,双臂抱头,从胸廓入口至肺底范围扫描。使用双筒高压注射器经肘静脉注入90ml欧乃派克(300mgI/ml)后再注射20ml生理盐水,注射速率3.5ml/s;扫描准直器宽度为16mm×0.75mm;管电压120kV,电流120mAs;螺距1.5,矩阵512×512,重建层厚5mm,间隔5mm,原始图像传至Vitrea4.0工作站作后做多平面重组(MPR)、容积再现(VR)等后处理技术,所有病例均经手术、组织病理学及免疫组织化学检查证实。
 
2.结果
 
2.1CT表现
 
本组6例肺原发性肉瘤样癌均表现为肺内单发肿块,右肺4例,左肺2例;中心型1例,周围型5例;位于右肺上叶3例,左肺上叶2例、左肺下叶1例。病灶最大径3.2~7.2 cm,平均5.3 cm。呈类圆形2例、不规则形4例。边缘光整者3例,有分叶者3例,4例病灶周围伴有细小毛刺。病灶呈等密度者2例,呈不均匀等低密度者4例。增强扫描:5例病灶内呈周边不均匀斑片状轻中度强化;1例病灶边缘呈厚薄不均的环形强化,4例病灶中央坏死明显。3例伴邻近胸膜侵犯,1例伴胸腔积液、纵隔淋巴结转移(图1~11)。



图1~4胸部CT平扫右肺上叶较大软组织肿块,紧贴胸壁,形态呈类圆形,密度不均,肺窗可见病灶边缘细小毛刺;图5~8增强后病灶周围斑片状轻中度强化,内有较多坏死区,MPR多平面重组可见其与胸膜相邻处呈锐角;图9三维重建示肿块侵犯胸膜,周围气管血管束受压推移;图10术后病理图片:肉瘤样分化的梭形肿瘤细胞呈明显异形性,并见核分裂象(HE×400);图11肿瘤术后半年复发,伴肋骨破坏,胸壁侵犯
 
2.2病理结果
 
梭形细胞癌4例,多形细胞癌2例(图10)。免疫组化显示:上皮细胞角蛋白(CK)阳性4例,波形蛋白(Vimentin)阳性2例。
 
3.讨论
 
长期以来医学界对肺肉瘤样癌的病理分型及组织来源等观点不一,命名较多。WHO(2004)肺肿瘤分类标准将肺癌分为鳞状细胞癌、腺癌、腺鳞癌、大细胞癌、小细胞癌、肉瘤样癌、唾液腺形肿瘤、类癌8种类型,其中肉瘤样癌是一类低分化的含有肉瘤或肉瘤样成分的非小细胞肺癌,根据其不同的组织学特点,且可将其分为多形性癌(pleomorphic carcinoma,PC)、梭形细胞癌(spindle cell carcinoma,SCC)、癌肉瘤(carcinosarcoma,CS)、巨细胞癌(giant cell carcinoma,GCC)和肺母细胞瘤(pulmonary blastoma,PB)5种亚型。
 
临床上肺肉瘤样癌多见于有重度吸烟史的60岁以上男性,有统计超过90%的多形性癌患者为重度吸烟者,本组6例患者4例男性,且均为20年以上重度吸烟史。临床表现以咳嗽、咳痰咯血为主,病变侵及胸膜、胸壁,可引起胸痛。
 
CT表现:肺肉瘤样癌的CT表现介于肉瘤和肺癌之间,既有肉瘤直径大、边缘光滑等特征,又有肺癌的分叶、支气管截断及坏死的特征。部位:周围型或中央型软组织肿块,以周围型为多见,且肿瘤多位于肺上叶。有报道认为右肺上叶尤其好发,原因不明。
 
本组6例病例有5例位于上叶,与文献相符。大小及形态:早期症状不明显,发现时肿块均较大,本组平均直径5.3 cm。肿块边界多较清楚,呈圆形、类圆形,且由于肿块生长速度不均匀,可见分叶,毛刺较少见。密度:肿块平扫为软组织密度,由于体积较大,内部常有坏死,部分可形成空洞,钙化少见。增强扫描:PSC的CT增强表现具有一定特征性,多数研究认为典型表现为肿瘤周边部呈厚薄不均的环形强化或斑片状强化,中心区强化不明显或轻度强化,或坏死液化。胸膜受侵:周围肺肉瘤样癌易侵犯周围胸膜,表现为胸膜不规则增厚及胸腔积液。
 
淋巴结转移:较少见,可转移至同侧肺门/纵隔淋巴结。远处转移及复发:PSC可远处转移至骨、脑、肺、肝脏或肾上腺。肿瘤手术切除后易复发,预后不良,病死率高。鉴别诊断:1)普通型非小细胞肺癌:一般形态不规则,较少形成巨大类圆形肿块,边缘更易出现分叶、毛刺、棘突等征象,增强常表现为均匀强化,或点线状、斑片状不均匀强化;2)肺转移瘤:病灶相对要小,边缘较光整,具有原发肿瘤病史;3)炎性假瘤:好发于两肺中下叶外带,形态多不规则,边缘常出现桃尖征、伪足征、平直征、方形征等,多无肺门纵隔淋巴结肿大;4)胸膜肿瘤:周围型肺肉瘤样癌,特别是靠近胸膜的肿块,需与胸膜来源肿瘤鉴别,胸膜来源肿瘤与胸膜交界处呈钝角,MPR多平面重组可见局部胸膜掀起,周围肺组织无毛刺征象,此为鉴别要点;5)感染性病变:肺炎、肺结核等感染性疾病,病灶内常见含气支气管征或支气管扩张征象,病灶边缘多较模糊,结合临床感染症状及相关实验室检查,多数可以区别。
 
目前为止,相关研究认为:1)PSC具有癌与肉瘤两种成分混合存在,两者之间有移形过渡区,是由上皮癌成分通过上皮一间质转化过程逐步形成,可作为诊断的金标准;2)只有肉瘤样成分中肉瘤样组织所占比例至少达到50%以上,且肉瘤样成分中不可含有异源成分(如骨、横纹肌肉瘤、软骨等)时,才能诊断为SC,否则只能诊断为癌;3)SC中上皮癌成分CK、CK(AEl/AE3)、EMA均阳性,瘤细胞除上述3种上皮标志物阳性外,vimentin呈阳性,但CK阳性是最有力的诊断依据。
 
综上所述,PSC是一种少见的兼具癌和肉瘤特性的高度恶性肿瘤,CT表现具有一定特征性。对于有长期大量吸烟史的老年男性,肺内发现较大类圆形肿块,增强呈周围斑片状或环形强化,中心区轻度强化或坏死,应考虑到本病,若肿块边缘出现毛刺、棘突等征象,则高度提示PSC的可能性,此时应尽早行活检确诊,为早期手术治疗赢得时机。
 
原始出处:

卢跃忠,唐向利,吴英哲,宁伟斌.原发性肺肉瘤样癌的CT表现与鉴别诊断[J].医学影像学杂志,2018,28(05):864-866.

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