Cell :改写教科书!新型免疫细胞或才是糖尿病关键!别再怪胰岛素啦!

2019-06-02 Ruthy 转化医学网

随着经济发展和人民生活水平的提高,全球范围内糖尿病的患病率飞速增长,流行普遍呈现年轻化、扩大化趋势,且目前尚无根治之法,只能以控制为主,故而已经成为人类健康的一个巨大挑战。目前普遍认为1型糖尿病与自身免疫息息相关,异常的自身抗体在胰岛素的驱动下损伤人体胰岛中分泌胰岛素的β细胞,使之不能正常分泌胰岛素是其发病的重要原因。近日,约翰霍普金斯大学的研究人员发现了一种新型免疫细胞——双表达细胞(DEs),


随着经济发展和人民生活水平的提高,全球范围内糖尿病的患病率飞速增长,流行普遍呈现年轻化、扩大化趋势,且目前尚无根治之法,只能以控制为主,故而已经成为人类健康的一个巨大挑战。目前普遍认为1型糖尿病与自身免疫息息相关,异常的自身抗体在胰岛素的驱动下损伤人体胰岛中分泌胰岛素的β细胞,使之不能正常分泌胰岛素是其发病的重要原因。近日,约翰霍普金斯大学的研究人员发现了一种新型免疫细胞——双表达细胞(DEs),这种细胞在1型糖尿病患者体内广泛存在,比起胰岛素,其可更为强烈地驱动免疫系统攻击β细胞。这就意味着,或许DEs才是1型糖尿病的关键!

1型糖尿病与自身免疫

1型糖尿病,又称胰岛素依赖型糖尿病,顾名思义,这类患者胰岛素严重缺乏,需要胰岛素才能有效控制病情。1型糖尿病的发生是由于机体将产生胰岛素的细胞(β细胞)错误地识别为异物或“非自身”,免疫系统便将其作为攻击目标加以破坏,调节性T细胞无法控制细胞毒性T细胞针对自身蛋白的攻击,CD4和CD8T细胞可协调攻击并破坏β细胞,而且B细胞还会产生自身抗体来对抗β细胞蛋白,当β细胞数量减少约80%时,机体就无法分泌足够的胰岛素,导致血糖严重升高,最终发展为糖尿病。

这个机制存在一个疑问,为什么免疫系统会将β细胞当成“异己”呢?是谁驱动了这一切呢?过往我们普遍认为胰岛素就是这个“推手”,是抗原提呈细胞(APC)错误识别了胰岛素,并将胰岛素误判为“异己”,导致免疫系统极力清除胰岛素及其生产工厂,也就是β细胞。真是如此吗?

DEs——APC强烈识别的新型免疫细胞

研究人员发现,胰岛素的确可与APC相结合形成HLA-DQ8复合物,但这种结合只是一种弱结合,难以引发1型糖尿病的强烈免疫反应。既然HLA-DQ8是弱结合的复合物,想要引发1型糖尿病,就需要一个可与APC强结合的物质,这个物质由谁提供呢?

DEs在1型糖尿病中广泛表达

他们指出,免疫系统中存在一种特殊的可同时表达TCR和BCR的免疫细胞——DEs,这种细胞可同时充当B细胞和T细胞。一个淋巴细胞同时发挥两种协同作用,这种细胞无疑可以促进自身免疫反应,研究证实其在1型糖尿病中广泛表达,而1型糖尿病又是自身免疫过剩的后果,这两者是否有关系呢?

x-Id肽与APC强烈结合并引发高强度T细胞反应

研究结果显示,当DEs分泌的蛋白(x-Id肽)与APC结合时,比起胰岛素,其可引发高10,000倍强度的T细胞反应!这些T细胞反应,正是针对β细胞!而且,计算机模拟实验结果显示,x-Id肽与APC结合引发的T细胞活性比实验室设计的“超级激动剂”——胰岛素模拟物(比正常胰岛素抗原性增强1000倍的模拟物)增加了10倍!这就说明APC可强烈识别DEs,正是x-Id肽与APC的强烈结合驱动了T细胞对β细胞的强烈攻击,进而导致胰岛素缺乏,与1型糖尿病的发生关系匪浅!

这项研究有可能为开发针对DEs的免疫疗法奠定基础,对糖尿病的精准治疗提供更多研究思路。但是这些结果暂时限定于细胞实验和模拟实验,尚需要更多数据加以论证,不能妄下定论。我们期待有好消息的那一日。

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    2019-11-30 维他命
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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1961596, encodeId=80f5196159634, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Sat Nov 30 18:25:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871313, encodeId=f5a218e13134a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sat Jan 04 12:25:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1750078, encodeId=1cb91e500787c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be7c8385345' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰岛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83853, encryptionId=be7c8385345, topicName=胰岛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a7a536274692, createdName=baoya, createdTime=Sat Apr 11 12:25:00 CST 2020, time=2020-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1042484, encodeId=09ad104248454, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Sun Jun 02 20:25:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=367181, encodeId=f73936e18155, content=虽然距离改写还有一段距离,但是这个观念的确是一个变革, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=990b4296616, createdName=星风, createdTime=Sun Jun 02 17:32:54 CST 2019, time=2019-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-04-11 baoya
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    2019-06-02 misszhang

    谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1961596, encodeId=80f5196159634, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Sat Nov 30 18:25:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871313, encodeId=f5a218e13134a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sat Jan 04 12:25:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1750078, encodeId=1cb91e500787c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be7c8385345' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰岛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83853, encryptionId=be7c8385345, topicName=胰岛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a7a536274692, createdName=baoya, createdTime=Sat Apr 11 12:25:00 CST 2020, time=2020-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1042484, encodeId=09ad104248454, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Sun Jun 02 20:25:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=367181, encodeId=f73936e18155, content=虽然距离改写还有一段距离,但是这个观念的确是一个变革, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=990b4296616, createdName=星风, createdTime=Sun Jun 02 17:32:54 CST 2019, time=2019-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-06-02 星风

    虽然距离改写还有一段距离,但是这个观念的确是一个变革

    0

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