Lancet Oncol:张力、沈琳教授等在Lancet子刊刊文,我国抗癌药物研发是喜是忧?

2019-02-16 佚名 药时代

2018年1月,由中山大学肿瘤防治中心张力教授领衔,中国肿瘤学I期临床试验联盟对中国大陆2017年肿瘤学领域的I期临床试验现状进行了全面调查,并撰写了《中国肿瘤学I期临床试验年度报告》。

2018年1月,由中山大学肿瘤防治中心张力教授领衔,中国肿瘤学I期临床试验联盟对中国大陆2017年肿瘤学领域的I期临床试验现状进行了全面调查,并撰写了《中国肿瘤学I期临床试验年度报告》。

该报告的主要内容于2019年2月初发表在《The Lancet Oncology》上,张力教授和北京大学肿瘤医院的沈琳教授为报告的共同通讯作者,中山大学肿瘤防治中心赵珅博士、科文斯公司吕承和北京大学肿瘤医院龚继芳副教授为共同第一作者。



2017年中国1期临床研究有180项,

位居全球第二

中国创新药物的可及性长期受到所谓的药品滞后(drug lag)的影响,其中药物审评过程漫长,本土开发的创新药物稀缺,临床试验申请的监管政策过于严格,进口药品注册都阻碍了药物创新。为解决这一难题,中国政府自2017年起对药品管理实施了一系列的改革。《中国肿瘤学I期临床试验年度报告》总结了中国药物研发(R&D)的不断变化的格局。

该报告显示:2017年中国大陆进行了180项1期肿瘤学临床试验,在1期肿瘤学试验数目方面仅次于欧洲的241项,排名全球第二。

问题与挑战

1期临床研究机构不足,地区差异大

然而,尽管1期临床研究蓬勃发展,中国依据缺乏经验丰富且设备齐全的研究机构,中国各地开展的研究的地理分布严重不平衡。承接这180项1期试验的机构只有18家(图A),其中的107项(占比59%)由5个机构完成,132项(占比73%)集中在北京、上海或广州这三个中国最大的城市。其余的研究也是在中国的主要城市进行。1期研究机构的这种不平衡分布部分反映了中国各地区医疗资源的差异。


图A. I期临床试验研究机构分布

不同机构、组织间缺乏协作和沟通

不同研究机构、申办方和合同研究组织(CRO)之间的协作和沟通很难,也很少。对于多中心2期、3期研究,建立一个协作组织的策略已经被证明颇有成效。例如,中国胸部肿瘤研究协作组(the China Thoracic Oncology Group,CTONG)成立于2007年,是致力于开展肺癌2期、3期研究的组织,为OPTMAL试验和INFORM试验做出了贡献,这两项多中心随机3期研究曾分别为晚期EGFR突变阳性非小细胞肺癌患者建立了标准的一线疗法和维持疗法。然而,之后的十多年,中国没有类似的针对1期临床研究的协作组织。

创新药研究少,仅16项

1期试验中研究设计的重复是可能影响中国成为药物创新全球引擎这一进程的另一个问题。在2017年完成的180项1期试验中,21项(占比12%)是仿制药的生物等效性或生物利用度研究,67项(占比37%)是药代动力学或药效动力学研究,76项(43%)研究药物耐受性,仅16项( 占比9%)是创新疗法的首次人体研究。

由跨国生物制药公司发起的试验均为药代动力学或药效动力学研究,旨在表征该药物对中国人群的药代动力学和药效学特征。跨国制药公司发起的19项试验中有9项是药代动力学或药效动力学桥接研究,仅用于加速中国的监管审批。

桥接研究是相对小规模的研究,研究一个药物的药代动力学、药效学和临床特性方面的差异。通过这些研究,国外临床数据可被用于支持药品在中国的审批,从而加快注册过程。

至于患者选择,中国的大多数1期试验只是模仿国外的研究,未能考虑中国人的特征。例如,尽管中国乙肝病毒(HBV)负担沉重,但在针对程序性死亡-1(PD-1)或程序性死亡配体-1(PD-L1)抑制剂的29项研究中,只有一项试验(CTR20171020)招募HBV检测结果为阳性的患者。

针对中国四大“特色癌种”的研究少,仅12项

在肿瘤类型方面,癌、肝细胞癌、食管癌和鼻咽癌是中国四种常见的恶性肿瘤,中国人占这些癌症的全球发病率和全球死亡率的至少50%。

然而,在针对特定肿瘤类型的116项1期试验中(图B),仅有2项试验(占比2%)针对癌,5项(占比4%)靶向肝细胞癌,2项(占比2%)靶向胃癌或胃食管癌, 3项(占比3%)靶向鼻咽癌。

在1期试验中研究最多的肿瘤类型仍然是肺癌(36项,占比31%)、血液系统恶性肿瘤(23项,占比20%)、乳腺癌(n = 18项,占比16%)和直肠癌 (8项,占比7%)。


图B. I期临床试验研究癌种分布

缺乏新分子实体

中国1期研究中缺乏新的分子实体也令人担忧。尽管每年大量的研究性新药被国家药品审评中心(CDE)分类为所谓的1类创新药,大多数是基于现有分子实体进行改构的药物。在研究小分子靶向药物的115项临床试验中(图C),21项(占比18%)针对EGFR通路。


图C. I期临床试验靶点/生物标记物分布

目前,至少有18个本土开发的EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,所有这些都被归类为1类创新药。然而,它们中只有两个是全新的分子实体。

同样,29项(占比16%)1期研究针对PD-1/PD-L1通路。到目前为止,已有15家中国生物制药公司在开发12个PD-1抑制剂和8个PD-L1抑制剂。

鉴于发现新分子实体的高成本和高风险,大多数中国生物制药公司,即使是那些具有研究能力和充足资金的公司,往往会避开这些风险,而是专注于具有最佳潜力的仿创(follow-on)药物。这些策略,虽然可被理解,但从长远来看可能不会促进创新药物的研发。为了中国拥有真正的创新,需要在改进和发明之间划一条清晰的界限。

尽管如此,2017年中国的抗癌药物研发也发生了几次令人振奋的变化。

进展与前景

政策改进大力推动创新药研发

为应对临床试验机构不足这一问题,中国食品药品监督管理总局(CFDA)计划取消当时的临床试验机构认证制度。在新的管理体系下,医疗机构可以避免漫长的临床试验申请审批过程,只需要在官网站上注册即可获得临床试验的批准。

为了培养对创新更友好的药物研发生态系统,国家药监局将其临床试验监管政策从严入宽出转变为宽入严出。

目前的政策更多关注试验的质量控制和上市后药物警戒,而不是过分强调临床试验申请的批准。现在,临床试验数据伪造是可被监禁至少3年的重罪。已采用为期60日的研究性新药申请系统(60天默示许可制),以放宽对临床试验申请的限制。现在,如果在申请后60个工作日内药监局未给出负面评价意见,即可认为这些申请获得批准。2018年11月5日,新的系统下获批用于临床试验的第一批药物在药监局网站上发布,标志着这一历史性改革的实施。

国家药监局为克服药品滞后所做的另一项举措是调整2017年10月10日颁布的进口药品注册管理的规定。

现在,进口药品的1期临床研究可以中外同步,国外临床试验数据可以被直接使用以支持在中国的注册。

为了促进药物创新,已经启用了更严格的创新药物定义和无灯、绿灯、红灯、黄灯这四灯审评审批策略,根据药物的创新程度来确定药物审评的优先顺序。在四灯策略中,无灯药物(最高优先级)是未在世界上任何其它国家上市的创新药物;绿灯药物是其它国家已上市但中国尚未上市的急需药物;黄光药物是中国已有上市药物的仿制药;红灯药物(不太可能被批准)是面向限制类审批目录中那些适应证的药物。创新药的定义已经从中国新药物(未在中国上市的药物)缩小到全球新药物(未在全球任何其它国家上市的药物)。

根据先前的定义,新分子实体和从现有分子实体修饰而得的药物都被归类为创新药物并且接受相同的待遇,因此,大多数生物制药公司倾向于关注后者以降低其药物研发过程的风险。根据新定义,从现有分子实体修改而得的药物不再被认为具有创新性,不再享受优惠待遇。预计国家药品审评中心的规模也将大幅扩大,以加速药物审评进程。

2018年8月29日,CFDA正式更名为国家药品监督管理局(National Medical Products Administration,NMPA)。这种变化使得该管理部门不仅可以专注于药品监管,还可以将其管辖范围扩展到所有生物医药相关产品,包括计算机软件。

为促进研究机构、申办方和CRO之间的合作,中国肿瘤学I期临床试验联盟(Chinese Phase 1 Oncology Trial Consortium)于2017年6月成立。通过联手中国顶级癌症中心、主要CRO公司以及国际、国内制药公司,该联盟提供了分享经验和专业知识的平台。对于针对不太常见的致癌突变的研究,该联盟通过将具有特定突变的患者转诊至相应的临床机构来提供患者招募方面的帮助。该联盟每6个月举办一次峰会,讨论当前1期临床试验中存在的问题,并与CDE的专家一起探讨抗癌药物研发的最新进展。

中国药企重心转移至创新药,大幅度迈进

在这种环境下,中国的生物制药公司已开始将重点从仿制药转向创新药的研发,使得CDE的研究性新药申请(IND)的数量翻了3番。

2017年,161项(占比89%)的1期研究由中国生物制药公司发起。最近,两项研究本土研发的PD-1抑制剂SHR-1210的1期试验的结果发表,这些试验研究单独使用SHR-1210或与吉西他滨、顺铂联合使用治疗鼻咽癌,可能带来这种恶性肿瘤治疗模式的改变。

创新的研究设计和药物也在不断涌现。180项1期研究中有49项(占比27%)确定采用基于生物标志物来选择患者。这一比例高于Schawaederle及其同事在他们的研究中描述的351项研究中的58项(占比17%)。

免疫肿瘤学领域,中国也在赶上世界其它国家和地区。在2017年开始的16项首次人体研究中,5项研究是关于细胞疗法,4项研究了组合免疫疗法,2项研究了抗体药物偶联物(ADC)。

要实现医疗保健和生物医药创新的目标,中国还有很长的路要走。中国的创新药物研发仍处于发展阶段,但如果我们以创新友好的方式继续培育,中国的研发管线最终必将开花结果。

原始出处:

Shen Zhao, Cheng Lv, Jifang Gong, et.al. Challenges in anticancer drug R&D in China. The Lancet Oncology  VOLUME 20, ISSUE 2, P183-186, FEBRUARY 01, 2019

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    2019-04-05 howi
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1829962, encodeId=dd6d182996243, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Fri Apr 05 13:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1774763, encodeId=49771e7476359, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa9c499213d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#张力#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49921, encryptionId=aa9c499213d, topicName=张力)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ff6f38676471, createdName=zhmscau, createdTime=Sat Nov 23 11:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1865625, encodeId=976c186562523, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=16ce133504e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Oncol#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13350, encryptionId=16ce133504e, topicName=Oncol)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b63894, createdName=minlingfeng, createdTime=Mon Jun 03 08:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1300239, encodeId=744a1300239f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ed5ee332423' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73324, encryptionId=ed5ee332423, topicName=研发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=aea0290, createdName=lqvr, createdTime=Mon Feb 18 07:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1301464, encodeId=70671301464fd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa308e8307e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药物研发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87830, encryptionId=aa308e8307e, topicName=药物研发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a435298, createdName=huirong, createdTime=Mon Feb 18 07:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1308264, encodeId=7a2713082645e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6e495554550' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗癌药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55545, encryptionId=6e495554550, topicName=抗癌药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Mon Feb 18 07:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1314847, encodeId=2547131484eee, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d4b5554131' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗癌药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55541, encryptionId=9d4b5554131, topicName=抗癌药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12de429, createdName=sunylz, createdTime=Mon Feb 18 07:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-11-23 zhmscau
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1829962, encodeId=dd6d182996243, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Fri Apr 05 13:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1774763, encodeId=49771e7476359, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa9c499213d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#张力#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49921, encryptionId=aa9c499213d, topicName=张力)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ff6f38676471, createdName=zhmscau, createdTime=Sat Nov 23 11:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1865625, encodeId=976c186562523, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=16ce133504e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Oncol#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13350, encryptionId=16ce133504e, topicName=Oncol)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b63894, createdName=minlingfeng, createdTime=Mon Jun 03 08:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1300239, encodeId=744a1300239f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ed5ee332423' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73324, encryptionId=ed5ee332423, topicName=研发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=aea0290, createdName=lqvr, createdTime=Mon Feb 18 07:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1301464, encodeId=70671301464fd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa308e8307e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药物研发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87830, encryptionId=aa308e8307e, topicName=药物研发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a435298, createdName=huirong, createdTime=Mon Feb 18 07:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1308264, encodeId=7a2713082645e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6e495554550' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗癌药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55545, encryptionId=6e495554550, topicName=抗癌药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Mon Feb 18 07:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1314847, encodeId=2547131484eee, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d4b5554131' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗癌药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55541, encryptionId=9d4b5554131, topicName=抗癌药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12de429, createdName=sunylz, createdTime=Mon Feb 18 07:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-06-03 minlingfeng
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1829962, encodeId=dd6d182996243, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Fri Apr 05 13:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1774763, encodeId=49771e7476359, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa9c499213d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#张力#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49921, encryptionId=aa9c499213d, topicName=张力)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ff6f38676471, createdName=zhmscau, createdTime=Sat Nov 23 11:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1865625, encodeId=976c186562523, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=16ce133504e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Oncol#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13350, encryptionId=16ce133504e, topicName=Oncol)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b63894, createdName=minlingfeng, createdTime=Mon Jun 03 08:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1300239, encodeId=744a1300239f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ed5ee332423' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73324, encryptionId=ed5ee332423, topicName=研发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=aea0290, createdName=lqvr, createdTime=Mon Feb 18 07:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1301464, encodeId=70671301464fd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa308e8307e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药物研发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87830, encryptionId=aa308e8307e, topicName=药物研发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a435298, createdName=huirong, createdTime=Mon Feb 18 07:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1308264, encodeId=7a2713082645e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6e495554550' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗癌药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55545, encryptionId=6e495554550, topicName=抗癌药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Mon Feb 18 07:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1314847, encodeId=2547131484eee, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d4b5554131' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗癌药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55541, encryptionId=9d4b5554131, topicName=抗癌药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12de429, createdName=sunylz, createdTime=Mon Feb 18 07:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-02-18 lqvr
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    2019-02-18 sunylz

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