杜怡峰:应重视阿尔茨海默病诊断的临床症状标志物

2018-07-17 |杜怡峰 ( 山东省立医院神经内科 ) 中华医学信息导报

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种中枢神经系统变性病,起病隐袭,病程呈慢性进行性,是老年期痴呆最常见的一种类型。主要表现为渐进性记忆障碍、理解力差、定向力丧失,伴幻觉、妄想、日常生活能力下降等。2011年美国国立衰老研究院和阿尔兹海默病协会(NIA-AA)诊断标准认为AD是一个包含轻度认知损害(MCI)在内的连续疾病过程,并将生物标志物纳入到AD的诊断标准当中,这其中“临床症状标志物”具有较重要的临床意义

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种中枢神经系统变性病,起病隐袭,病程呈慢性进行性,是老年期痴呆最常见的一种类型。主要表现为渐进性记忆障碍、理解力差、定向力丧失,伴幻觉、妄想、日常生活能力下降等。2011年美国国立衰老研究院和阿尔兹海默病协会(NIA-AA)诊断标准认为AD是一个包含轻度认知损害(MCI)在内的连续疾病过程,并将生物标志物纳入到AD的诊断标准当中,这其中“临床症状标志物”具有较重要的临床意义,应引起我们的重视。

(1)情景记忆:AD造成的病理改变早期首先累及内颞叶,而内颞叶与情景记忆的关系最为密切,因而AD很早期就出现情景记忆的损害。有关研究显示自由回忆和线索选择性提醒回忆测验是典型AD的有效证据;自由回忆缺陷在识别MCI向AD转变的特异性有92%。在5年的随访中发现,联合使用听觉词语学习测验、延迟回忆、韦氏成人智测工具其痴呆预测的敏感性为75%,特异性为74%。在10年的随访中,其痴呆预测的敏感性为78%,特异性为72%。

(2)主观记忆减退(SMC):SMC可能是 MCI 前阶段,易发展为 MCI 甚至痴呆的危险因素之一。研究认为,在正常人脑内的淀粉样蛋白的沉积与SMC有关,50岁以上的SMC患者中,1/3已经是MCI。

(3)轻度行为障碍(MBI):神经精神症状可以出现在痴呆的任何阶段,而MBI发生在痴呆前阶段,可伴有或不伴有MCI,能够预测痴呆的发生,提示痴呆进展速度。研究表明,冷漠是轻度行为障碍的一个重要组成部分,可用于认知障碍的早期诊断,MBI-C量表是AD早期诊断重要工具,包括:冷漠/逼迫感/动机; 情绪影响/焦虑;冲动控制能力/反馈调节;适应社会能力;想法/观念的转变。

(4)语言能力:AD的言语障碍与痴呆严重程度呈正相关。一项研究通过对81例AD患者进行氟脱氧葡萄糖-正电子体层扫描检测,发现语言识别记忆可能与内侧颞叶和双侧眶额叶皮质相关。一项正常人与AD患者的语言能力测试中,AD患者应用词语和词语分类的流畅程度均低于对照组。

(5)抑郁:抑郁是阿尔茨海默病常见的神经精神症状之一,在AD的早期阶段即可观察到,可作为早期识别AD的临床标志。据统计,AD患者随访12个月内的抑郁发病率约为13.29%。抑郁是阿尔茨海默病危险因素之一,增加AD患病风险,有抑郁症等情绪障碍病史的老年人未来发生AD的风险比正常老年人高2~5倍。

(6)视觉异常:研究发现在AD患者脑内发生的神经病理改变也出现在瞳孔、视网膜、晶状体、脉络膜、视神经等,而且视觉改变也出现在AD患者及动物模型中。另外,接受光刺激后瞳孔变化的程度与脑脊液中Aβ(1-42)的含量具有正相关性。AD患者瞳孔对光反射迟缓的原因可能与体内Aβ沉积有关。

(7)嗅觉改变:研究结果表明,与MCI-AD 组及MCI-稳定组相比,CCSI评分在MCI-路易体痴呆(DLB)组存在明显的降低。嗅觉障碍的出现是AD及DLB的早期 标 志 ,嗅 觉 功 能 检 查 可 以 帮 助预测MCI向AD或DLB的转换。

(8)执行能力:一项研究将MCI患者分为高级执行能力组和低级执行能力组。高级执行能力组的脑网络大小、密度和集聚系数要高于低级执行能力组。对于高级执行能力组脑网络的测量显示其具有更完整的白质纤维。

(9)步态受损:在一项包含1232个认知正常的个体的研究中,步态与认知存在明确的相关性。另外,一项横断面研究显示,脑内特别是与AD相关区域(颞叶)的Aβ沉积与各项步态参数的改变有明显的相关性。

总之,AD临床症状标志物是AD早期诊断的重要因素之一,也是将AD防治窗口的前移的关键环节。

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    2018-07-19 kafei

    学习了谢谢

    0

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    2018-07-18 飛歌

    学习了很有用

    0

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