你为什么这么聪明?这归功于你妈妈生下你时的痛苦

2016-12-26 环球科学ScientificAmerican Jim Davies 环球科学ScientificAmeri

环顾这个生机勃勃的蓝色星球,不得不说,人类种族的独特是令人惊叹的。我们是地球上独一无二的物种,能够创作书籍、从事科学研究、建造摩天大楼。在人类的进化史上,智力必定起到了重要的推动作用——如果没有聪明的大脑,原始人类就不会成为更好的捕猎者,同时避免自身成为猎物。更重要的是,不断提升的智力促进了原始人类之间的相互竞争:智商更高的人更有(性)吸引力,也善于在复杂的群体中谋取更高的社会地位。众所周知,这种

环顾这个生机勃勃的蓝色星球,不得不说,人类种族的独特是令人惊叹的。我们是地球上独一无二的物种,能够创作书籍、从事科学研究、建造摩天大楼。在人类的进化史上,智力必定起到了重要的推动作用——如果没有聪明的大脑,原始人类就不会成为更好的捕猎者,同时避免自身成为猎物。更重要的是,不断提升的智力促进了原始人类之间的相互竞争:智商更高的人更有(性)吸引力,也善于在复杂的群体中谋取更高的社会地位。众所周知,这种智力竞争会让人的认知水平发生巨大的提高。不过,不为人知的是:女性行走和奔跑的需求对于后代智力发育也产生了巨大的影响。

在东非发现的古人类“露西”标本,研究表明“露西”已经开始直立行走。
图片来源:Cleveland Museum of Natural History

智力的提升很大程度上来源于脑容量的增加。对于两个完全不同的人,脑容量对智商高低的影响占了16%。因此,要想变聪明,增加脑容量似乎就是最简单的方式。而当脑容量增加时,承担孕育后代任务的女性必须进化出更宽大的骨盆来生育这些大脑袋的孩子。

问题在于,人类同时还存在着另一个进化方向——双腿直立行走。促成人类直立行走的原因有多种,但是和大多基于生存优势的假说一样,这一理论也备受争议。但是,显然直立行走不需要太大的骨盆,由此可见,这两种生存压力下的进化趋势截然相反。女性在双腿直立行走和生育头围相对较大的孩子之间进化出了不可思议的平衡:如果女性的骨盆再大一点点,她们就无法正常行走和奔跑,只有达到平衡才能保证安全。正因为此,与其他哺乳动物相比,分娩对于人类来说更加危险。尽管现代医学已经如此发达,仍然有不少女性死于分娩,这也从侧面反映出智力对于人类是多么重要(以至于冒着巨大的风险也要生育脑袋更大的后代)。

这就陷入一个僵局,必须出现某种创新的形式才能解决,而进化做到了——没有既定目标,也没有任何指南,全新创造。大自然利用一些重要的策略让人类克服了这种进化上的限制:组成婴儿头盖骨的几片颅骨可以移动,使得婴儿头部可以在母亲分娩、骨盆暂时分开时顺利娩出,又能给婴儿时期脑容量的剧增提供空间。另一个关键的适应性进化来自于大脑本身的工作方式:进化使得人类在出生后才慢慢通过学习来认识周围的环境,而非一生下来就能独立生活。

幼雏一经孵化即可四处寻找食物,小马出生后数小时就能奔跑,然而,人类却需要数十年才能独立生活。按理说,父母这种无微不至的投入到子女青春期就该结束,但到现在,这一时期可能要延续到子女33岁研究生毕业。究其原因,至少部分是由于我们的大脑直到成年后才发育成熟。在所有脑容量较大、发育缓慢的哺乳动物中,我们的脑容量是最大的,也是发育最慢的。出生时我们懵懂无知,但拥有令人惊奇的学习能力。如果人类来到这个世界之后才变得聪明,那就不用带着那么大的脑袋出生了,女性的骨盆就可以进化成最大化利于行走的大小,而我们的大脑则在出生后开始迅速增长。

人类放弃了一出生就足够完美的进化策略,而选择最大限度地适应自然界。例如,出生在各色环境中的婴儿都能够适应自如、随遇而安,无论是干燥的喀拉哈里沙漠还是极寒的北极冰原。如果我们在出生时更具竞争力或者发育更快,我们对于环境的适应力就会显著下降。此外,我们生活在科技时代——周围充斥着各种文化和技术,这些在现代的孩子眼中理所应当的事物,等他们长大后又会创造新一代的文化和技术,由此形成良性循环。这些进步都离不开人类长期的学习积累。

如果我们从一而终、不去适应环境,那么女性骨盆可能会更大。如果没有骨盆的尺寸限制脑袋的大小,人类的智商可能会更高,但这种高智商受到限制,只在特定的环境中奏效,因此不够灵活。但事实最终证明,这一生物力学需求却变成了我们如此聪明的部分原因。就同其他很多创造性的成果一样,给予一定的限制条件才催生了更有价值的产物。

这看起来很矛盾,但正是刚出生时的柔弱无助才是促成人类天才的关键。

原始出处:


2. Brockman, J. (Ed.). (2007). What is your dangerous idea? Today’s Leading Thinkers on the Unthinkable. Harper Perennial. Page 252.

3. Bering, J. (2011). The Belief Instinct: The Psychology of Souls, Destiny, and the Meaning of Life.  W.W. Norton & Company. Kindle location 2539.

4. Sloman, A. & Chappell, J. (2005). The altricial-precocial spectrum for robots.Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-05).  Edinburgh, 1187—1192.

5. Richerson, P. J. & Boyd, R.  (2008). Not By Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution. University of Chicago Press. Kindle location 1987

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    2016-12-28 Boyinsh
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    2016-12-27 187清风

    一直在慢慢学习进步

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    2016-12-27 flysky120

    神经能为人

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    2016-12-27 三生有幸9135

    神奇的生命,不断的进化!

    0

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    2016-12-27 thlabcde

    好东西学习了!

    0

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    2016-12-27 刘煜

    神奇的人类。

    0

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