流感季来袭!普通医生口罩好,还是防雾霾N95口罩好?

2019-11-18 赤道无风带 MedSci原创

戴什么口罩预防最有效?

天气逐渐转凉,蛰伏了一年的“流感病毒”也开始蠢蠢欲动,流感高发季即将来临。

据今年9月中国疾控中心冯录召教授和余宏杰教授团队发表在The Lancet Public Health 上的研究结果显示,在2010-2015年间,中国每年发生88100例与流感相关的呼吸系统死亡,占所有呼吸系统疾病死亡的8.2%。


流感病毒传染性强,患病症状重!


流感病毒主要通过患者咳嗽、打喷嚏或说话时从口腔和鼻子中喷出的飞沫传播,这些飞沫可以扩散到大概约2米左右远的地方。

当你不小心接触到这些病毒的时候,同时在各种因素的作用下,比如抵抗力低下、着凉等,就会使得机体出现流感症状。

流感比普通感冒症状严重,主要表现在上呼吸道感染,还会产生高热、寒战、全身酸痛等全身症状,且流感毒检测呈阳性,有强传染性。




五类人群易患流感,医护也是易感人群

据世界卫生组织报告,流感每年可导致5%~10%的成人和20%~30%的儿童发病。

儿童外,有慢性基础疾病的患者、≥65岁的老年人、孕妇以及处在流感病毒聚集地——医院的医护人员都是流感易感人群。




简便有效防流感措施——戴口罩


预防流感最简单的方法就是戴口罩!口罩是给我们的呼吸系统设置一道屏障,防止接触到他人打喷嚏、咳嗽排出的病毒,起到避免受污染的手接触自己的口鼻引起疾病传播的效果。

市面上常可以买到的口罩类型有:棉布口罩(图A)、医用外科口罩(图B)、N95口罩(图C),它们的材质不同,过滤效果不同,因此用途也各有不同。



A. 一般棉布口罩:基本不具备预防传染病的作用,但有一定的防尘保暖效果,对于鼻腔、呼吸道对温度和环境较敏感的人来说是不错的选择。

B. 医用外科口罩:透气性好、阻尘、阻水、质轻,可避免喷溅的液体与喷雾接触到口腔和鼻腔,是医护人员最常用的一类防护口罩。

C. N95口罩:包合面部最紧密理想,可有效阻止病原体和空气中的致病颗粒进入呼吸道和鼻腔,防病效果、防雾霾效果均优于医用外科口罩;N95口罩的最大特点就是可以预防飞沫的大小为直径1至5微米的体液或血液飞溅引起的飞沫传染。


何种口罩预防流感的效果最好呢?

在一些实验室研究结果中显示,在100%的依从性下,N95口罩在减少飞沫暴露方面比普通的医用外科口罩更有效,但在临床实际应用中,N95口罩的保护力真的更强吗?

最近发表JAMA 上的一项大型研究给出了确定性结论,认为普通外科口罩与N95口罩在预防流感、感冒方面一样有效。



这项由德克萨斯大学,美国疾病预防控制中心以及约翰斯·霍普金斯大学等权威研究机构联合进行的研究,收集了2011年至2015年的四个流感季节期间近2400名医护人员流感和急性呼吸道疾病的发生率资料。

结果显示,在N95组中共发生了207例经实验室确认的流感感染,而在普通外科口罩佩戴者组发生了193例。

另外,N95组中还发生2734例流感样症状,实验室确诊的呼吸道疾病,以及急性或实验室检测到的呼吸道感染(不管受试者有没有感染症状都算),而普通口罩组上述感染共发生3039例。

不过统计学处理的结果是,两组之间没有显著性差异。即佩戴两种口罩在预防流感和其他呼吸道病毒性感染方面一样有效。




年年岁岁“病”相似,岁岁年年“毒”不同,流感预防6要素

其实,口罩这种物理防御流感的方法跟口罩材质是没有多大关系的,要真正做到有效预防流感的发生,要求我们普通群众做到以下几点:

1、 注射流感疫苗。目前接种流感疫苗是世界公认的预防流感的有效方法。每年流行的病毒会变化,所以需要接种当年最新疫苗进行预防。一般流感疫苗的保护期为6~8个月,之后抗体滴度开始衰减。而接种流感疫苗后,往往需要2周后,体内才可产生具有保护水平的抗体。所以,对高危人群、易感人群在流感病毒流行前1-2个月接种流感疫苗是预防流感的有效方法。

2、补充营养,提高饮食摄入的质量,尤其是要多吃新鲜的蔬菜和水果,少吃肉。

3、室内经常开窗通风,保持空气新鲜。由于流感病毒不耐热,对紫外线和常用消毒剂很敏感,所以可以经常消毒,用紫外线灯照射,或喷洒0.1%的过氧乙酸液或漂白粉液。

4、保持个人卫生,除了勤洗手,还要保持口腔和鼻腔的干净,减少密封环境的接触,尤其是去往医院时尽量戴个口罩。

5、冬春季气候多变,注意加减衣服,避免着凉。

6、必要时,在医生的指导下,服用抗流感病毒的有效药物。

防治流感的方法有很多,主要在于我们自己做到认真预防,增强身体抵抗力以及合理的做好防护措施,至于佩戴哪种口罩,那就看你喜欢了。




参考文献:
1. JAMA. 2019 Sep 3;322(9):824-833. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.11645.
2. Lancet Public Health. 2019 Sep;4(9):e473-e481. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30163-X
3.《流行性感冒诊疗方案(2019年版)》——国家卫健委.2019.11.13
4. 全国流感监测信息(2019年第40周)——中国国家流感中心
来源:梅斯医学

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    2020-03-15 passed water
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    2020-08-13 kcb069
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    2019-11-20 chenshujs

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美国科研团队发现一种能“嵌入”流感病毒表面蛋白的抗体,可保护小鼠免遭多种流感病毒毒株的感染,未来有望开发为通用型流感疫苗。

2019版《流行性感冒诊疗方案》发布,连花清瘟再次入选

我国即将进入流感季,为确保全国流感医疗工作平稳有序进行,切实保护人民群众健康,11月13日,国家卫健委发布《流行性感冒诊疗方案(2019年版)》(下称方案),此方案对今冬明春流感的诊断和治疗,给出了权威建议。

Nat Microbiol:流感下幸存的肺细胞“不一般”

杜克大学的科学家们鉴定出一种名为棒状细胞(club cell)的肺细胞,它们能在流感A病毒攻击下存活下来,并迅速修复受损的DNA,而周围的其他细胞则成片死亡。

JAMA:医务人员预防流感,N95还是普通口罩?

卫生保健人员(Health care personnel,HCP)工作中常暴露于病毒性呼吸系统感染,因此会把这些病毒传染给他人。HCP 对预防感染的依从性不佳,这是公认的。住院呼吸保护研究提示依从性的范围未10-84%。100%依从性的实验室研究显示 N95 过滤式呼吸面罩(N95 filtering facepiece respirators,N95呼吸面罩)在降低喷雾暴露方面比医用口罩(med

Diabetes Care:糖尿病增加多种感染发生风险

根据发表在Diabetes Care上的研究结果,与没有糖尿病的成人相比,患有糖尿病的成人发生流感、蜂窝织炎和败血症等感染的风险更高。美国疾病控制与预防中心糖尿病转化部门Jessica L. Harding博士及其同事在研究报告中写道,糖尿病患者数量增加可能会导致未来感染人数增多,这将对医疗负担和患者管理产生重要影响。卫生保健提供者需要认识到糖尿病是感染的一个重要危险因素,这可能有助于改善患者管理

PNAS:湿度可能是流感发生的重要因素

耶鲁大学的研究人员指出,人们在冬季更容易生病甚至死于流感的一个关键原因是湿度低。