光遗传学——照进细胞的一束光

2016-01-04 红枫 科学网

图片来源:Anna Reade 转基因斑马鱼胚胎上的闪亮蓝光让科学家选择性地激活光敏感转录因子。 从现在开始10年后,这种技术将会成为发育生物学和细胞生物学界人人使用的工具。 Kevin Gardner打开一个小冰箱模样的培养器,看着里面闪烁的蓝光,这种场景经常让他想起上世纪70年代的美国纽约迪斯科舞厅。“一些有趣的事情正在这里发生。”他提示说。不过,他说的不是迪斯科闪光灯,而是微观

图片来源:Anna Reade

转基因斑马鱼胚胎上的闪亮蓝光让科学家选择性地激活光敏感转录因子。

从现在开始10年后,这种技术将会成为发育生物学和细胞生物学界人人使用的工具。

Kevin Gardner打开一个小冰箱模样的培养器,看着里面闪烁的蓝光,这种场景经常让他想起上世纪70年代的美国纽约迪斯科舞厅。“一些有趣的事情正在这里发生。”他提示说。不过,他说的不是迪斯科闪光灯,而是微观层面发生的事情。

Gardner是纽约城市大学先进科学研究中心结构生物学家,他是使用光控制蛋白活动(即光遗传学研究)领域的专家。利用他和其他蛋白质工程师研发的工具,科学家现在可以利用LED或激光闪光对诸如信号传导或信号移动过程进行微观层面的管理,而不是仅仅观察这些光。例如,他们能够轻而易举地打开或关闭蛋白,或是在细胞内来回移动细胞器。

过去几年,蛋白质工程技术研发了十余种光敏感工具,用来完成这些特殊的研究。光在通过常规方法操作细胞活动时可提供重要优势。其中一个优势是速度,化学物质要用数分钟进入细胞,而光需要的时间不到一秒。因此,细胞生物学家能够研究信号通路或蛋白质活动等快速发生过程,教堂山北卡罗来纳大学医学院细胞生物学家和蛋白质工程专家 Klaus Hahn说。

其另一个优势是光遗传学能够提供精确的空间控制:不是对培养皿中的每个细胞进行同一种小分子治疗,而是细胞生物学家可以用高度聚焦的灯光打开一个细胞内的开关,或者甚至是单个细胞的部分开关。

光遗传学首先活跃于神经科学领域:光控制通道可以按照意愿用来制造神经元。但现在分子生物学家也在积极地拥抱这种技术。“未来一年,只要是你能想到的组织,就会看到利用这种工具做出的成品论文产出。”新泽西州普林斯顿大学生物工程学家Jared Toettcher说。

蛋白质伴侣

光遗传学中最常见的技术之一是设计两个在光存在时可以相互结合的蛋白,形成一个“二聚物”。科学家有时会通过化合物形成二聚物,用光形成这种二聚物仍然相对新颖。生物学上蛋白—蛋白相互作用让光诱导成的二聚作用成为游戏改变者,丹佛卡罗来纳大学医学院分子化学家CHandra Tucker说。“如果你富有创造性。”她说,“你可以通过很多方式控制蛋白质活动。”

荷兰乌得勒支大学生物物理学家Lukas Kapitein利用光诱导的二聚作用,把个体层面的细胞器像屋子里的家具那样安排开来。科学家最近认识到,细胞也会遵从一定的“风水”环境。例如,如果有很多营养,溶酶体(代谢细胞器)会停留在细胞的边缘,提高新蛋白的产量;但是当细胞处于饥饿状态时,溶酶体会撤退到细胞内部,在那里它们会鼓励细胞消化自身。在蓝光下,原子核附近的过氧化物会和驱动蛋白结合,从而把它们“拖拽”到细胞外围。

然而,细胞结构很难拆开。Kapitein的光遗传方法提供了精确调解一种细胞器的能力,而且是可逆的。他利用的主要光遗传工具是可调光诱导二聚作用标签(TULIPS),这种工具的基础是来自燕麦的LOV感光器和以普通PDZ序列为基础的基因工程改造的蛋白—蛋白互动区域。LOV螺旋中隐藏着一个小肽,当接触蓝光后,会和PDZ区域相结合。

研究人员把TULIP设置应用于检测细胞核内体的位置如何影响神经元中的轴突生长。他们从轴突尖端移除了核内体,使轴突停止伸展。他们又在其中加入额外的核内体,发现轴突会生长得更快。因此,和线粒体一样,这些核内体的位置会影响细胞的形状。

这种体系在很多细胞器中都会发挥作用,Kapitein说,从而让科学家可以提出一些此前从未解答的关于细胞单元结构的问题。他已经收到数十个细胞生物学家的请求,他们希望重新排列自己重视的细胞结构。未来,他希望找到一种移动单个细胞器以及使其停留在所希望位点的方法。

意向信号

在细胞内有所作为,生物学家不需要改变整个细胞器的位置。很多信号通道都是从一些外部因子和细胞膜上的受体结合开始,然后是把信息从内部一种蛋白向另一种传输的级联反应,比如基因表达的转变。科学家经常通过区分参与通道早期的蛋白,并把它们转移到细胞质膜来模仿这种效应。当蛋白到达细胞膜后,会表现出已经收到外部信号的状态,并开启下游的级联反应。

例如,Toettcher和同事利用光控制的系统研究Ras效应—— 一种参与诸如细胞增殖以及决定发育胚胎细胞命运等多个过程的信号蛋白。这个信号通道可能调节这些不同过程,因为根据其在细胞内何时以及何地被激活,Ras可以产生不同的效应——但是研究人员直到今天才能研究这些细节,因为他们有了打开和关闭Ras的光遗传工具。

Toettcher利用了光敏色素B(PhyB)—PIF二聚体系,光遗传学家从植物遗传学家最钟爱的植物——拟南芥中提取到这种色素。在这种植物中,可见红光会导致PhyB结合并激活PIF转录因子,拟南芥用这一机制打开一些参与种子发芽以及避荫生长等过程的基因。但是和其他在黑暗中关闭的光遗传系统不同,当PhyB和PIF 接触到波长更长的红外线之后,就会不再稳定。Toettcher把PhyB和细胞质膜相结合,并把部分PIF和Ras激活因子相结合。当打开红光后,Ras也会被打开。

因为能够用红外光打开与关闭Ras,因此Toettcher能够精确地控制其激活时间,从而让下游的反应发生很大变化。例如,打开一个细胞内的Ras会导致其邻居STAT3(一种可以在细胞生长和死亡等过程中发挥作用的信号转导与转录激活因子)磷酸化。两个小时的持续性红光会刺激STAT3 磷酸化,但是一小时的红光、15分钟的红外光以及其他时间长度的红光都不能发生这种作用,infrared light说。研究人员并不清楚在Ras信号延伸后,STAT3被用于什么用途,他们猜测,这种系统会通过改变细胞外的输入时间,让一个细胞把同样的通路应用于各种目的。

基因翻转

只有经过一连串的中间反应步骤后,细胞信号传导系统(比如 Toettcher的研究)才会影响基因激活作用。但是光遗传工具会直接改变基因表达,或者甚至诱导基因组发生永久改变。例如,Gardner和同事、得克萨斯大学西南医学中心生化学家及细胞生物学家Laura Motta-Mena,利用来自细菌的光激活转录因子,激活了一系列有机物的基因。同时,日本东京大学化学家Moritoshi Sato和同事也设计了利用光激活以CRISPR-Cas9为基础的基因目标,以此实现高精度控制基因编辑或表达。

类似这样的光遗传CRISPR工具对于那些想要在生物体内跟踪细胞活动的科学家来说特别有用,Hahn说。光遗传技术可以让科学家利用光开关激活单个基因或蛋白,下一步将是利用整个光谱控制生物学过程。

当前,光遗传技术也存在短板。其中之一是很多系统存有漏洞,因为它们让一些活动在黑暗中也能进行。而且光本身也会影响诸如转录以及信号传导等细胞活动,哥伦比亚大学医学中心干细胞生物学家Masa Yazawa指出。这意味着科学家在控制这些负面效应时应该更加谨慎。

其他缺点还包括光敏感系统需要一种叫作生色团(色基)的化学物质,如果科学家想要研究的细胞不能生成这种色基,科学家就要进行添加。因此会带来不便。此外,因为这种工具非常新颖,它们的使用仍然存在各种困难。

细胞生物学家期待未来能够更容易地利用光遗传技术。从好的一方面来看,这一技术包裹中的发光技术相对容易。这种可获得性将会让以光为基础的工具,如微生物和肽等成为细胞生物学的基础。“从现在开始10年后,这种技术将会成为发育生物学和细胞生物学界人人使用的工具。”Toettcher预测说。

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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1843890, encodeId=2a54184389059, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=05e29508559' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#遗传学#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95085, encryptionId=05e29508559, topicName=遗传学)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6e7948, createdName=李研东, createdTime=Sat Feb 20 05:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1739878, encodeId=aea71e39878d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4eec28858ee' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#光遗传#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28858, encryptionId=4eec28858ee, topicName=光遗传)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0b0634593448, createdName=ms8543593053280928, createdTime=Fri Jan 22 13:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51768, encodeId=bd2051e6828, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51769, encodeId=b77251e69b8, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51770, encodeId=b6c151e70a1, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51761, encodeId=ba5251e6119, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51762, encodeId=82d951e62a4, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51763, encodeId=1e5951e6379, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51764, encodeId=5c6951e6492, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51765, encodeId=952551e6564, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-04 1de22f45m90(暂无匿称)

    非常好的文章

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1843890, encodeId=2a54184389059, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=05e29508559' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#遗传学#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95085, encryptionId=05e29508559, topicName=遗传学)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6e7948, createdName=李研东, createdTime=Sat Feb 20 05:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1739878, encodeId=aea71e39878d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4eec28858ee' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#光遗传#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28858, encryptionId=4eec28858ee, topicName=光遗传)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0b0634593448, createdName=ms8543593053280928, createdTime=Fri Jan 22 13:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51768, encodeId=bd2051e6828, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51769, encodeId=b77251e69b8, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51770, encodeId=b6c151e70a1, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51761, encodeId=ba5251e6119, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51762, encodeId=82d951e62a4, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51763, encodeId=1e5951e6379, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51764, encodeId=5c6951e6492, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51765, encodeId=952551e6564, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-04 1de22f45m90(暂无匿称)

    非常好的文章

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1843890, encodeId=2a54184389059, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=05e29508559' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#遗传学#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95085, encryptionId=05e29508559, topicName=遗传学)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6e7948, createdName=李研东, createdTime=Sat Feb 20 05:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1739878, encodeId=aea71e39878d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4eec28858ee' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#光遗传#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28858, encryptionId=4eec28858ee, topicName=光遗传)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0b0634593448, createdName=ms8543593053280928, createdTime=Fri Jan 22 13:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51768, encodeId=bd2051e6828, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51769, encodeId=b77251e69b8, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51770, encodeId=b6c151e70a1, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51761, encodeId=ba5251e6119, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51762, encodeId=82d951e62a4, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51763, encodeId=1e5951e6379, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51764, encodeId=5c6951e6492, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51765, encodeId=952551e6564, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-04 1de22f45m90(暂无匿称)

    非常好的文章

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1843890, encodeId=2a54184389059, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=05e29508559' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#遗传学#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95085, encryptionId=05e29508559, topicName=遗传学)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6e7948, createdName=李研东, createdTime=Sat Feb 20 05:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1739878, encodeId=aea71e39878d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4eec28858ee' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#光遗传#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28858, encryptionId=4eec28858ee, topicName=光遗传)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0b0634593448, createdName=ms8543593053280928, createdTime=Fri Jan 22 13:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51768, encodeId=bd2051e6828, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51769, encodeId=b77251e69b8, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51770, encodeId=b6c151e70a1, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51761, encodeId=ba5251e6119, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51762, encodeId=82d951e62a4, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51763, encodeId=1e5951e6379, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51764, encodeId=5c6951e6492, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51765, encodeId=952551e6564, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-04 1de22f45m90(暂无匿称)

    非常好的文章

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1843890, encodeId=2a54184389059, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=05e29508559' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#遗传学#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95085, encryptionId=05e29508559, topicName=遗传学)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6e7948, createdName=李研东, createdTime=Sat Feb 20 05:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1739878, encodeId=aea71e39878d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4eec28858ee' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#光遗传#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28858, encryptionId=4eec28858ee, topicName=光遗传)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0b0634593448, createdName=ms8543593053280928, createdTime=Fri Jan 22 13:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51768, encodeId=bd2051e6828, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51769, encodeId=b77251e69b8, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51770, encodeId=b6c151e70a1, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51761, encodeId=ba5251e6119, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51762, encodeId=82d951e62a4, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51763, encodeId=1e5951e6379, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51764, encodeId=5c6951e6492, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51765, encodeId=952551e6564, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-04 1de22f45m90(暂无匿称)

    非常好的文章

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1843890, encodeId=2a54184389059, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=05e29508559' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#遗传学#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95085, encryptionId=05e29508559, topicName=遗传学)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6e7948, createdName=李研东, createdTime=Sat Feb 20 05:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1739878, encodeId=aea71e39878d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4eec28858ee' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#光遗传#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28858, encryptionId=4eec28858ee, topicName=光遗传)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0b0634593448, createdName=ms8543593053280928, createdTime=Fri Jan 22 13:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51768, encodeId=bd2051e6828, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51769, encodeId=b77251e69b8, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51770, encodeId=b6c151e70a1, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51761, encodeId=ba5251e6119, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51762, encodeId=82d951e62a4, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51763, encodeId=1e5951e6379, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51764, encodeId=5c6951e6492, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51765, encodeId=952551e6564, content=非常好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a6081676206, createdName=1de22f45m90(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 04 16:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-04 1de22f45m90(暂无匿称)

    非常好的文章

    0

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    2016-01-04 1de22f45m90(暂无匿称)

    非常好的文章

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    2016-01-04 1de22f45m90(暂无匿称)

    非常好的文章

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