腹腔镜下全子宫切除术苏醒延迟1例

2019-12-06 刘珂庆 王光 王建喜 临床合理用药杂志

患者,女,52岁,体质量62kg,诊断为子宫内膜癌,拟行腹腔镜下全子宫切除术加盆腔清扫术,既往有高血压史,血压一般控制在140~150/80~90mmHg,ASAⅡ级,术前辅助检查:心电图、肝、肾功、电解质、血尿常规正常,T36.6℃,HR88次/min,BP148/90mmHg,入室监测:血压、心电图、SpO2。

患者,女,52岁,体质量62kg,诊断为子宫内膜癌,拟行腹腔镜下全子宫切除术加盆腔清扫术,既往有高血压史,血压一般控制在140~150/80~90mmHg,ASAⅡ级,术前辅助检查:心电图、肝、肾功、电解质、血尿常规正常,T36.6℃,HR88次/min,BP148/90mmHg,入室监测:血压、心电图、SpO2。
 
施全凭静脉麻醉,以咪达唑仑5mg,依托咪酯18mg,舒芬太尼0.03mg,维库溴胺8mg静脉注射快速诱导,ID6.5气管导管,机控呼吸VT500ml,RR12次/min,I∶E1∶2,Plimit31mmHg,麻醉维持用瑞芬太尼0.15mg/(min·kg),丙泊酚5mg/(h·kg),间断静注维库溴铵维持肌松,气腹压力维持在15mmHg。
 
腹腔镜进入腹腔后,调整体位至头低脚高,不能充分暴露手术视野,再次调整体位,直至可充分暴露视野,手术开始,术中顺利,历时约200min,术中血压、心率平稳,呼气末二氧化碳分压(ETCO2)升至55~65mmHg,考虑ETCO2较高,将VT调至600ml,R调至16次/min,但ETCO2仍维持较高水平,期间实际潮气量维持在200ml左右,远达不到患者所需容量,考虑患者情况,术中恢复体位至水平位,并给予过度通气,直至ETCO2维持在25~30mmHg,之后继续进行手术,期间ETCO2维持在40~55mmHg左右,术毕前常规停用麻醉药丙泊酚,瑞芬太尼;呼吸恢复后,常规给予拮抗药,肌力恢复尚可,意识恢复欠佳,有轻度烦躁,呼之可睁眼,考虑患者肌力恢复尚可,拔除气管导管,之后继续观察,约15min后患者沉睡,呼之不应,可听到鼾声,血压心率血氧等生命体征平稳,约3h后患者清醒,送回病房,给予鼻导管吸氧,术后3d回访无并发症发生。
 
讨论
 
全麻停止后60~90min神志仍不十分清晰可认为全麻后苏醒延迟,其原因包括麻醉药的残留作用,低氧,CO2蓄积,低温,水电解质紊乱,糖代谢异常,手术因素等。对于此例患者,丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼均为快速、短效药物,持续输注后无蓄积,苏醒快而完全,是理想的全凭静脉麻醉药,理论上不是苏醒延迟的原因;手术过程顺利,时间尚可,手术因素也不作为苏醒延迟的考虑因素;而术中补液量为常规补液量、常规药物,且并未用量过大,也可基本排除水、电解质的紊乱;患者术前、术后血糖均在正常范围,也可基本排除血糖对苏醒延迟的影响;此例患者在气腹100min以后,虽多次调整呼吸参数,但CO2蓄积仍未改善,通过恢复体位至水平位,手控辅助呼吸,过度通气可改善CO2蓄积,ETCO2可恢复。
 
全麻恢复期的低氧、高碳酸血症与苏醒延迟有关,术中长时间高碳酸血症也可能延长苏醒时间,术中长时间高碳酸血症,可增加血脑屏障的通透性,使脑血管扩张,脑血流量增加,PaCO2达到80mmHg时,脑血流量可增加1倍,严重时可产生脑水肿,CO2储留,H+进入脑细胞内,导致细胞内酸中毒,甚至产生麻醉状态。
 
综上原因,及此例患者术中的临床表现,考虑苏醒延迟的原因为过度低体位所致的低通气量引起的CO2轻度蓄积。因此,在施行全身麻醉时,不仅要重视麻醉药品的合理应用,更应加强术中管理及监测,一旦发生苏醒延迟,要及时寻找原因,并积极处理,仅靠过度通气并不能保证改善患者的CO2蓄积问题。因此,在患者状况允许的情况可适当增加Plimit;也可积极与手术医师沟通,可间断调整体位,使患者更能平稳安全地度过麻醉手术期;也可给予充分肌松,减轻气腹及体位对低通气的影响。随着医疗的发展,微创手术在临床中的广泛开展,越来越多的患者选择腹腔镜治疗,而腹腔镜手术中患者的特殊体位应引起麻醉及临床医师的重视,作为麻醉医师,除了要让患者在术中有平稳的生命体征外,更应注意如何更好地为患者减轻术中带来的不必要的损伤。
 
原始出处:

刘珂庆,王光,王建喜,郑黎,司鹏宏.腹腔镜下全子宫切除术苏醒延迟1例[J].临床合理用药杂志,2018(04):172.

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