Cell:揭示人类胚胎少突胶质细胞发育与大脑皮层白质扩张的细胞和分子机制

2020-07-28 BioArt

由于人脑组织样本的难得和操作手段的有限,目前对于少突胶质细胞发育机制的研究主要是利用啮齿类动物为模型。考虑到人类大脑和鼠类大脑结构的巨大差异,研究人类少突胶质细胞发育是否具备特殊性质显得尤为重要。

在进化过程中,人类大脑与身体比重较之啮齿类或非人灵长类动物明显增大,为智力的提高和意识的产生提供神经物质基础。就变化最为显着的大脑皮层而言,除了灰质在水平方向上的急剧扩增并形成特定折叠形式的沟回结构之外,人脑白质区域的体积更是大大增加,与之相伴随的是白质损伤也成为皮层发育异常性疾病中常见的症状,严重时甚至导致脑瘫。少突胶质细胞作为白质中丰度最高的细胞,形成包裹神经元轴突的髓鞘,促进神经信号的跳跃式传导。对于少突胶质细胞发育机制的研究不仅能帮助我们更好的了解人类大脑皮层发育,也为白质损伤相关疾病的发病机理研究和治疗方法探索提供依据。然而由于人脑组织样本的难得和操作手段的有限,目前对于少突胶质细胞发育机制的研究主要是利用啮齿类动物为模型。考虑到人类大脑和鼠类大脑结构的巨大差异,研究人类少突胶质细胞发育是否具备特殊性质显得尤为重要。

2020年7月16日,加州大学旧金山分校Arnold Kriegstein实验室(黄薇博士为共同第一作者和共同通讯作者)在Cell杂志上在线发表了题为Origins and Proliferative States of Human Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell的研究论文。这项工作围绕人类胚胎发育过程中少突胶质前体细胞(OPC)的谱系来源、增殖能力和扩散方式展开研究,从而探索人类大脑皮层白质扩张(white matter expansion)的细胞和分子机制。

灵长类动物在皮层发育中新产生了啮齿类动物所没有的生发中心outer subventricular zone (oSVZ)。Kriegstein实验室于十年前在oSVZ中发现了一种特化的放射状胶质细胞outer radial glia (oRG)对于神经发生 (neurogenesis) 和皮层灰质(gray matter)的扩张至关重要,并于五年前鉴定出oRG的标志基因。但oRG是否参与胶质发生,特别是oRG能否分化生成少突胶质细胞,学术界一直以来缺乏有力的研究证据。原因在于在灵长类动物中难以标记和追踪特定细胞类型,而oRG在具备转基因品系的啮齿类动物中又非常稀有。在这项工作中,研究者首先利用单细胞测序和虚拟重构,鉴定出一条从oRG 到OPC的细胞分化谱系,并且发现了一类新的中间前体细胞(命名为Pre-OPC) 介导了从oRG到OPC的分化。然后研究者对胚胎脑片进行组织学染色,实际找到oSVZ区域中大量存在的oRG、Pre-OPC和OPC以及介于两两干细胞之间的过渡中间态细胞。接下来研究者通过免疫富集的方法从新鲜的临床组织样本中直接纯化各类干细胞,并进行体外分化和药物处理,从而确定oRG能够分化产生Pre-OPC,后者进一步分化产生OPC。最后,研究者对免疫纯化的干细胞进行病毒标记、细胞移植、脑片培养和实时显微成像,观测了三种不同类型干细胞分裂和迁移的动态行为,并进行两两对比。上述一系列实验结果表明灵长类特有的oRG也能支持胶质发生,从而为人类少突胶质细胞的生成提供啮齿类不具备的额外干细胞来源。另外与神经发生相对应,少突胶质细胞发育过程中也存在中间前体细胞,有别于之前报导的参与神经发生的TBR2阳性的IPC,这类新定义的Pre-OPC为EGFR+SOX2+OLIG2+,分布于oSVZ中,并且具备特殊的跳跃式分裂动态行为(Mitotic Somal Translocation)。在宽阔oSVZ区域中广泛存在的oRG和Pre-OPC这两种干细胞为OPC的大量产生提供充分的细胞来源。

运用实时显微成像和BrdU类似物连续标记这两种不同的实验方法,研究者都发现在一个相对长的时间窗内(GW20-24)已经实现细胞命运决定的OPC仍能够马不停蹄的连续分裂,从而大大扩增了干细胞库,为进一步分化产生成熟的少突胶质细胞和髓鞘提供广泛的前体细胞来源。这与以前报导的小鼠中研究结果大不相同,后者在相对应的发育时期(P0-3)的OPC呈现静息状态或经历一轮细胞分裂后迅速终分化形成少突胶质细胞。

以往的报导显示在神经发生中干细胞分裂产生的子细胞往往相依相伴。经典的例子是放射状状胶质(radial glia, RG)不对称分裂产生的神经元将沿着其姊妹RG攀爬,而RG通过连续不对称性分裂陆续产生的子代神经元将在皮层聚集排列成细胞克隆。在对于OPC的实时显微成像观察中,研究者发现一个非常有趣的现象:OPC分裂产生的两个子代细胞之间强烈排斥, 向相反方向迅速迁移。这与其它类型的分裂细胞(包括RG和IPC在内)明显不同,可能有助于新生OPC在皮层中的快速扩散以降低局部浓度和实现均匀分布。为了研究OPC子细胞相互排斥的分子机制,作者通过单细胞测序对比了OPC同RG和IPC的基因表达谱差异,找到一种OPC特异的原钙粘附蛋白家族成员PCDH15。无论是在RNA水平上运用RNA干扰还是在蛋白水平上运用抗体阻断从而破坏PCDH15的功能,都能够有效抑制OPC子细胞之间的排斥现象。进一步的实时显微成像观察或者分裂标志蛋白KI67染色的结果均显示,阻断OPC子细胞的排斥行为将明显抑制子代OPC的再次分裂。这就是说PCDH15介导的子细胞相互排斥作用促进了OPC的有效扩散和快速分裂。

综合上述研究结果,人类胚胎发育时期中少突胶质前体细胞的这三大性质(额外来源,持续分裂,快速扩散)将大幅度提高少突胶质细胞的生成数量,从而促进大脑皮层的白质扩张。在文章末尾的讨论部分,作者还列举了运用单细胞测序发现的除PCDH15以外其它表达于OPC的特异性基因,未来对于这些基因功能的研究将加深人们对于胶质发生的认识。另外,作者还提到过去对于大脑皮层发育异常性疾病的研究往往集中在神经发生上,胶质发育异常往往被当作是继发性损害;而本文的单细胞测序结果表明很多临床上报导的致病基因不仅表达于神经元,而且在胶质细胞如OPC中也有较高的转录水平,这提示着胶质细胞在疾病发生中的原发性作用以及遗传性神经发育疾病的细胞多态性。

原始出处:

Wei Huang 1, Aparna Bhaduri 2, Dmitry Velmeshev 2, et al.Origins and Proliferative States of Human Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells.Cell. 2020 Jul 9;S0092-8674(20)30759-5. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.027.

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    2020-12-11 维他命
  3. 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style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胶质细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84074, encryptionId=acf3840e459, topicName=胶质细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/DC48AC6B5FFD609EED5594C15A97B420/100, createdBy=57dc2500034, createdName=ms1692212821629096, createdTime=Thu Jul 30 04:15:36 CST 2020, time=2020-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1601107, encodeId=f3e6160110e2d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=95dc4394037' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大脑皮层#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43940, encryptionId=95dc4394037, topicName=大脑皮层)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b93918842147, createdName=bettycmoon, createdTime=Thu Jul 30 04:15:36 CST 2020, time=2020-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1039290, encodeId=f93f10392902f, content=机制研究离临床仍然有距离,不过与临床结合思考,仍然有帮助的,不能仅仅是纯临床思维,转化思维同样重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=肿肿, createdTime=Tue Jul 28 16:15:36 CST 2020, time=2020-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-05-20 lsj637
  4. 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  5. 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  6. 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Jul 30 04:15:36 CST 2020, time=2020-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1039290, encodeId=f93f10392902f, content=机制研究离临床仍然有距离,不过与临床结合思考,仍然有帮助的,不能仅仅是纯临床思维,转化思维同样重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=肿肿, createdTime=Tue Jul 28 16:15:36 CST 2020, time=2020-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-07-30 ailian1202
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1765836, encodeId=176d1e6583681, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=252ae1803a3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#白质#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71803, encryptionId=252ae1803a3, topicName=白质)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=778d36, createdName=柳叶一刀, createdTime=Fri Dec 25 19:15:36 CST 2020, time=2020-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1962165, encodeId=4637196216544, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, 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    2020-07-30 neurowu
  8. 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  9. 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  10. 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style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胶质细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84074, encryptionId=acf3840e459, topicName=胶质细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/DC48AC6B5FFD609EED5594C15A97B420/100, createdBy=57dc2500034, createdName=ms1692212821629096, createdTime=Thu Jul 30 04:15:36 CST 2020, time=2020-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1601107, encodeId=f3e6160110e2d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=95dc4394037' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大脑皮层#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43940, encryptionId=95dc4394037, topicName=大脑皮层)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b93918842147, createdName=bettycmoon, createdTime=Thu Jul 30 04:15:36 CST 2020, time=2020-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1039290, encodeId=f93f10392902f, content=机制研究离临床仍然有距离,不过与临床结合思考,仍然有帮助的,不能仅仅是纯临床思维,转化思维同样重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=肿肿, createdTime=Tue Jul 28 16:15:36 CST 2020, time=2020-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-07-28 肿肿

    机制研究离临床仍然有距离,不过与临床结合思考,仍然有帮助的,不能仅仅是纯临床思维,转化思维同样重要

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