别嘌醇、非布司他、苯溴马隆这3种降尿酸药物,到底“孰优孰劣”

2022-05-09 六然医疗 六然医疗

合理用药

曾有过这样一名患者陈先生,他从其他病友口中听说了别嘌醇这种价格便宜、效果又好的降尿酸药物,便在药店购买后自行服用。可是不久后,陈先生的头面部和躯干四肢突然出现大面积的红斑和斑丘疹,然后被紧急送往医院,经过医院皮肤科诊断,被确诊为重症多形性红斑,是别嘌醇过敏导致的重症药疹,随时都会危及生命。幸好陈先生及时就医,才保住了一条命。
 
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明明非布司他/苯溴马隆才是“最好”的降尿酸药物,为何会选择别嘌醇?
 
事实真是如此吗?非布司他、苯溴马隆真比别嘌醇效果好、安全性高?
 
三大降尿酸药物哪种更优?
 
治疗代谢性疾病,必须人为干预人体的代谢机制,因此,治疗这些疾病的药物多少都存在一些不良反应。目前临床上,常用的降尿酸药物分别是别嘌醇、非布司他和苯溴马隆这三种。其安全性和降尿酸作用都是相对而言的,没有绝对的优劣。
 
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三大降尿酸药物作用机制有区别
 
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  • 别嘌醇和非布司他——属于抑制尿酸生成药物,通过抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶的活性,减少尿酸的生成,进而降低血尿酸水平。
  • 苯溴马隆——属于促尿酸排泄药,通过抑制尿酸重吸收,促进尿酸排泄,降低血尿酸水平。
除了作用机制不同,别嘌醇、非布司他、苯溴马隆的适应证、安全性及用药须知都有所区别。
 
01 | 别嘌醇:有效抑制尿酸合成
 
别嘌醇具有良好的降尿酸效果,尤其适用于尿酸生成过多型的患者,还可用于治疗慢性原发性和继发性痛风,也可用于继发于恶性肿瘤、器官移植后的高尿酸血症,以及草酸钙性结石病。
 
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痛风急性发作,千万别服用别嘌醇
 
别嘌醇适用于慢性原发性或继发性痛风患者的治疗,也可用于反复发作性尿酸结石患者。对白血病淋巴瘤或其他肿瘤在化疗或放疗后继发的组织内尿酸盐沉积、肾结石等,也有很好的预防作用。但是,别嘌醇不适用于痛风急性发作时期,因为有可能加重或延长急性期的炎症。
 
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别嘌醇经肝脏代谢,对肾脏负担小
 
别嘌醇进入体内后,在肝脏代谢为有活性的羟嘌呤醇,全部经肾脏排出体外。在服用药物后1~2天,患者血液中的尿酸浓度就会开始下降,7~14天达到高峰。一般来说,患者坚持服用3~6个月,尿酸就会降至正常范围。
 
别嘌醇合用这些药物有风险
  • 别嘌醇与氨苄西林(一种抗生素药)同用时,患者皮疹的发生率增多,尤其是高尿酸血症患者。
  • 别嘌醇与硫唑嘌呤或巯嘌呤(一种免疫抑制药)同用时,可能加重免疫抑制并产生细胞溶解。
  • 别嘌醇与尿酸化药(如碱性磷酸盐)同用时,可增加高尿酸血症患者肾结石形成的可能。
别嘌醇过敏有可能危及生命
 
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虽然别嘌醇疗效显著、价格低廉,但在中国人群中使用时应特别关注它的过敏反应。这种过敏反应主要是产生皮疹,有的皮疹会导致非常严重的后果。
 
用药前HLA-B5801基因检查,可避免别嘌醇过敏反应
 
或许有患者觉得这么危险的药物还是不吃为妙,但这种情况现在是可以避免发生的。患者在服药之前可以抽血查一种基因,名叫HLA-B5801。研究已证实,别嘌醇过敏反应的发生与HLA-B5801存在明显相关性,且汉族人群携带该基因型的概率为10%~20%。由此可见,过敏发生的概率还是很高的。检测该基因就是看患者是否会对别嘌醇产生过敏反应,就像注射青霉素之前要做皮肤敏感试验一样。如果检查的结果为阳性,提示对别嘌醇过敏,则不能服用别嘌醇。
 
别嘌醇的剂量
 
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对肾功能正常者,别嘌醇从小剂量开始应用,每2~4周递增用量,但一天最大量不超过800毫克。患者肾功能不全时,别嘌醇进入人体后代谢完的物质易在体内蓄积,增加药物中毒风险,所以需减量服用。
 
02 | 非布司他:我国一线降尿酸药物
 
非布司他是一种新型的抑制尿酸合成的药物,有良好的降尿酸效果。该药主要是通过肝脏清除,所以轻中度肾功能不全的患者也可以安全使用。虽然非布司他效果好、副作用小,很受痛风患者欢迎,但大家还是要冷静看待这种新药。
 
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我国推荐的一线降尿酸药物
 
《美国风湿病学会痛风管理指南(2020年版)》的一个重要更新是,仅保留别嘌醇为一线降尿酸用药选择,将非布司他从一线队伍中“踢”了出来。这是因为非布司他有潜在的心血管风险,价格也让人望而却步。
 
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但中国仍保留非布司他的一线地位,因为非布司他在痛风患者血尿酸达标值及安全性方面,均优于别嘌醇。并且随着非布司他进入医保目录,价格也随之降低,以及该药在亚裔人群中增加心源性猝死的风险并无足够的证据。90%以上的痛风患者能够通过它维持血尿酸水平达标,但合并心脑血管疾病的老年人应谨慎使用,并密切关注病情。
 
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服药过程中需监测肝功能
 
非布司他口服后主要在肝脏分解,经肾脏和肠道双通道排泄,所以患者在服用非布司他过程中要注意监测肝功能。可以从小剂量开始服用,2~5周后复查血尿酸水平,不达标者可以逐渐增加剂量。
 
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03 | 苯溴马隆:适用于尿酸不高于500者
 
苯溴马隆具有较强的降尿酸作用,它促进尿酸排泄的能力比其他降尿酸药物都要强。但使用苯溴马隆后,肾小管中的尿酸浓度将增加60%以上。苯溴马隆主要用于尿酸排泄减少型,或对别嘌醇过敏及疗效不佳者。
 
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苯溴马隆会使得肾小管和输尿管中的尿酸浓度升高,这样就增加了肾小管或输尿管结石的风险。为了降低这种风险,患者在服药过程中需要长期坚持碱化尿液治疗,促进尿酸溶解。碳酸氢钠也叫小苏打,是最常用的碱性药物。此药服用后会在胃内产生二氧化碳,易引起嗳气、胃酸增多、胃胀等不适,不宜与大量牛奶及奶制品同服,长期服用,可增加碱中毒、碱性结石的发生概率。枸橼酸制剂是2019痛风高尿酸血症诊疗指南推荐成分,靶向调节尿液ph值,胃肠道反应小。另外,患者还要多饮水,每天保持1 500~2 000毫升的尿量,以利于尿酸排出
 
副作用常见于肝脏
 
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苯溴马隆的降酸机制并不会增加肾脏的代谢负担。但常规剂量苯溴马隆却可诱发药物性肝损伤,且随着剂量的增加,其病例的数量先降后升。如果苯溴马隆合并使用降糖药、抗甲亢药物和别嘌醇会导致药物性肝损伤的风险加大。不过国家食品药品监督管理总局认为,苯溴马隆在我国治疗痛风的获益仍然大于风险。
 
有肾结石高危风险者不推荐使用
 
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中度或严重肾功能不全者及孕妇应慎用苯溴马隆,尿酸合成增多或有肾结石高危风险的患者不推荐使用。如高尿酸血症患者在服药过程中出现了腰疼的症状,建议做肾脏、输尿管及膀胱彩超检查,看是否有结石形成。
 
总结
 
别嘌醇、非布司他、苯溴马隆这三种最常用的降尿酸药物,不存在一个固定“优劣排名”。对于不同的患者、不同的病情,用上最合适的药物才是“最优”的方案。此外,降尿酸治疗中除了降尿酸药物的选择很重要外,护肝、补肾也很重要,根据病情适当调整用药方案,将用药风险及副作用降到最低限度也很重要。此文篇幅有限,了解更多痛风知识,请持续关注我们。

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    2022-09-26 whlxd
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    2022-05-11 xugumin
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    2022-05-10 1064510_1039

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