经皮骨水泥椎间盘成形术(PCD)

2021-10-12 邵哲 脊柱文献速递

KEYPOINT

KEYPOINT

经皮骨水泥椎间盘成形术(PCD)临床应用报道较少,对于腰背部疼痛伴CT/MRI存在真空征患者可参考借鉴。

 

图片 临床中会遇到许多老年椎间盘退行性疾病患者,因患者年龄较大,合并症较多,不太适合开放手术治疗,Varga等人首先提出将经皮椎体成形术(PVP)应用到此类患者中,将其称之为经皮骨水泥椎间盘成形术(PCD),Carlos Sola在此基础上将其进行改进,今天就让我们来了解一下该项技术。图片
1。手术适应证和禁忌证
  • 适应证:老年患者,以腰痛(站立时加重,卧床时减轻)为主要症状,通常不合并下肢放射症状,少数合并下肢放射症状为脊柱的动态不稳定导致。站立、卧位X线及CT结果显示椎间盘高度存在明显差异,CT或MRI结果显示患者存在真空征,患者因其他并发症无法耐受开放手术。

  • 禁忌证:重度骨质疏松症是该手术的相对禁忌症,因为PCD会增加相邻椎体压缩性骨折的发生率,可对其行规范化抗骨质疏松治疗后再考虑行PCD。另一个相对禁忌症为存在严重的脊柱畸形,因为该手术并不能恢复严重的冠状面或矢状面畸形。肥胖会导致术中透视图像质量较差,也是其相对禁忌症。活动性感染和肿瘤是该手术的绝对禁忌症。

2术前检查
  • 患者术前需完善影像学检查(X线、CT、MRI)。X线可显示站立和卧位时椎间盘高度存在明显差异,CT结果中同样可以观察到这种现象,站立和卧位时X线及CT结果显示椎间隙高度变化的情况称之为手风琴现象(如下图),提示椎体存在不稳定情况。

  • MRI检查同样是必须的,MRI检查可以排除骨折、感染、转移性肿瘤等病理情况。同时可以观察到患者椎间盘是否存在真空征(当椎间盘发生退变,椎间盘内的髓核就会萎缩、坏死,从而椎间盘内就会出现裂隙,产生负压,周围血液内或者是组织内的气体,比如N2或者CO2就会进入裂隙当中,在X线片或CT的影像结果上就会出现低密度影,这就是真空征),这是一种椎间盘的退行性病变。观察到真空征是实施PCD所需的一个重要条件,骨水泥主要填充该部分空间。

图片

图注:图A为站立位X线结果,图B为卧位CT结果,椎间塌陷导致不同的Cobb角度(分别为25°和14°),该现象即为手风琴现象。

3患者术中体位
  • 患者全麻后俯卧于手术台上,胸廓和骨盆下方放置两个气垫,以减轻腹部的压力。双膝关节下方放置气垫以增加脊柱前凸,从而使椎间隙充分打开。

图片

图注:A:患者术中体位;B:在C臂透视下经皮穿刺置入穿刺针;C:术中可使用肌电监护以防止神经受损;D:缓慢注入骨水泥

4 穿刺点的选择
  • 穿刺的通路可以通过椎弓根(经椎弓根入路)或平行于椎弓根上外侧边缘(椎弓根外侧入路)以避免损伤到神经根。

  • 作者建议除L5/S1节段选择经S1椎弓根入路外,其余所有节段均选择椎弓根外侧入路,通常建议单侧穿刺;当患者存在脊柱侧弯时,建议选择凸侧为穿刺侧,以减少椎弓根较长而增加神经根损伤的风险,但是也需要根据CT或者MRI结果显示椎间盘内真空征的分布调整穿刺点,必要时也可选用凹侧为穿刺侧。

图片

图注:椎弓根外侧入路;A和B:正位和斜位透视下将导针放置于横突和上关节突的交叉处;C:侧位透视下可观察椎间盘内导针的深度;D:C臂透视下缓慢注入骨水泥;

图片

图注:经椎弓根入路;A和B:L5/S1节段通过S1椎弓根入路穿刺,穿透L5上终板至L5/S1椎间隙;C和D:缓慢注入骨水泥,注意观察是否发生骨水泥渗漏;E和F:术后正侧位透视结果;

5 术中肌电监护

作者建议术中使用肌电监护,肌松药只在插管时使用,其他时间避免使用,以避免影响术中肌电监护结果。肌电监护电极针放置在目标节段神经根控制的肌肉区域,术中使用肌电监护钳形控制器通过骨水泥套管针进行连续的刺激。

6 注入骨水泥
  • 注射骨水泥速度要慢,约30S注入1ml,通常需要注入5-6ml的骨水泥,骨水泥的用量主要取决于术前影像检查结果观察到的真空征的大小,术中注意观察避免骨水泥向后侧渗漏,取出套管针前必须等待骨水泥完全硬化,通常建议等待15min再取出套管针。

 7  术后管理

 

  • 术后患者即可站立和行走,术后需复查X线和CT,以评估骨水泥充盈情况、是否发生骨水泥渗漏。

8手术注意事项及易错点总结

 

图片

图片

图注:患者术前影响结果观察到手风琴现象,PCD术后冠状位及矢状位畸形均得到部分缓解;

审稿:王庆德

供稿:邵   哲

编辑:张振辉

参考文献

1、Varga PP, Jakab G, Bors IB, Lazary A, Szövérfi Z. Erfahrungen mit PMMA-Zement als intervertebraler Stand-alone-Platzhalter. Perkutane Zement-Diskoplastie bei Vakuumphänomen der lumbalen Bandscheiben [Experiences with PMMA cement as a stand-alone intervertebral spacer. Percutaneous cement discoplasty in the case of vacuum phenomenon within lumbar intervertebral discs]. Orthopade. 2015;44(2):124-131. doi:10.1007/s00132-015-3092-1.PMID:25715774.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25715774.

2、Sola C, Camino Willhuber G, Kido G, et al. Percutaneous cement discoplasty for the treatment of advanced degenerative disk disease in elderly patients. Eur Spine J. 2021;30(8):2200-2208.doi:10.1007/s00586-018-5547-7.PMID:29569159.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29569159.

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    2021-10-14 Ms🧐🧐🧐🧐🧐🧐

    怎么断句?经皮 骨 水泥 椎间盘成形术??

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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2004753, encodeId=54082004e536e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4e8a5400816' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#成形术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54008, encryptionId=4e8a5400816, topicName=成形术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7fb6449, createdName=ZGMFX24A, createdTime=Sat Dec 04 00:02:37 CST 2021, time=2021-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1060409, encodeId=e27c106040924, content=怎么断句?经皮 骨 水泥 椎间盘成形术??, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=2, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200606/779634fdc8944a13a6da20900ae58236/e941130f9cc742b19b7379e5a172b9c0.jpg, createdBy=97c65381808, createdName=Ms🧐🧐🧐🧐🧐🧐, createdTime=Thu Oct 14 11:40:30 CST 2021, time=2021-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1065659, encodeId=e11610656596f, content=请问,颈椎间盘磨损完了能否采用此成形术?我的一个间盘没了,转头就嘎嘣嘎嘣响,有时还卡住, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a6175682427, createdName=ms1000001312557993, createdTime=Mon Nov 01 00:18:37 CST 2021, time=2021-11-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1061174, encodeId=c30d10611e453, content=会不会成为椎体骨折的潜在危险因素?脊柱的运动单元被认为损害,患者术后有无腰椎僵硬等表现?谢谢!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLCgR1oJ2ialV4ruNsToZGIMj02ZJpwjRU9J6EHIuX3bXX3qk5ZguuztLqzIvjtBMjwNDEg7YhGiaBc/0, createdBy=9e5b2048743, createdName=ZCX666, createdTime=Sun Oct 17 08:39:12 CST 2021, time=2021-10-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1370348, encodeId=4b8013e03489a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b103101e18e7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨水泥#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101718, encryptionId=b103101e18e7, topicName=骨水泥)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b952312, createdName=zhs3882, createdTime=Thu Oct 14 01:02:37 CST 2021, time=2021-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-11-01 ms1000001312557993

    请问,颈椎间盘磨损完了能否采用此成形术?我的一个间盘没了,转头就嘎嘣嘎嘣响,有时还卡住

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2004753, encodeId=54082004e536e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4e8a5400816' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#成形术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54008, encryptionId=4e8a5400816, topicName=成形术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7fb6449, createdName=ZGMFX24A, createdTime=Sat Dec 04 00:02:37 CST 2021, time=2021-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1060409, encodeId=e27c106040924, content=怎么断句?经皮 骨 水泥 椎间盘成形术??, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=2, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200606/779634fdc8944a13a6da20900ae58236/e941130f9cc742b19b7379e5a172b9c0.jpg, createdBy=97c65381808, createdName=Ms🧐🧐🧐🧐🧐🧐, createdTime=Thu Oct 14 11:40:30 CST 2021, time=2021-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1065659, encodeId=e11610656596f, content=请问,颈椎间盘磨损完了能否采用此成形术?我的一个间盘没了,转头就嘎嘣嘎嘣响,有时还卡住, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a6175682427, createdName=ms1000001312557993, createdTime=Mon Nov 01 00:18:37 CST 2021, time=2021-11-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1061174, encodeId=c30d10611e453, content=会不会成为椎体骨折的潜在危险因素?脊柱的运动单元被认为损害,患者术后有无腰椎僵硬等表现?谢谢!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLCgR1oJ2ialV4ruNsToZGIMj02ZJpwjRU9J6EHIuX3bXX3qk5ZguuztLqzIvjtBMjwNDEg7YhGiaBc/0, createdBy=9e5b2048743, createdName=ZCX666, createdTime=Sun Oct 17 08:39:12 CST 2021, time=2021-10-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1370348, encodeId=4b8013e03489a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b103101e18e7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨水泥#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101718, encryptionId=b103101e18e7, topicName=骨水泥)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b952312, createdName=zhs3882, createdTime=Thu Oct 14 01:02:37 CST 2021, time=2021-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-10-17 ZCX666

    会不会成为椎体骨折的潜在危险因素?脊柱的运动单元被认为损害,患者术后有无腰椎僵硬等表现?谢谢!

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2004753, encodeId=54082004e536e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4e8a5400816' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#成形术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54008, encryptionId=4e8a5400816, topicName=成形术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7fb6449, createdName=ZGMFX24A, createdTime=Sat Dec 04 00:02:37 CST 2021, time=2021-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1060409, encodeId=e27c106040924, content=怎么断句?经皮 骨 水泥 椎间盘成形术??, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=2, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200606/779634fdc8944a13a6da20900ae58236/e941130f9cc742b19b7379e5a172b9c0.jpg, createdBy=97c65381808, createdName=Ms🧐🧐🧐🧐🧐🧐, createdTime=Thu Oct 14 11:40:30 CST 2021, time=2021-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1065659, encodeId=e11610656596f, content=请问,颈椎间盘磨损完了能否采用此成形术?我的一个间盘没了,转头就嘎嘣嘎嘣响,有时还卡住, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a6175682427, createdName=ms1000001312557993, createdTime=Mon Nov 01 00:18:37 CST 2021, time=2021-11-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1061174, encodeId=c30d10611e453, content=会不会成为椎体骨折的潜在危险因素?脊柱的运动单元被认为损害,患者术后有无腰椎僵硬等表现?谢谢!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLCgR1oJ2ialV4ruNsToZGIMj02ZJpwjRU9J6EHIuX3bXX3qk5ZguuztLqzIvjtBMjwNDEg7YhGiaBc/0, createdBy=9e5b2048743, createdName=ZCX666, createdTime=Sun Oct 17 08:39:12 CST 2021, time=2021-10-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1370348, encodeId=4b8013e03489a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b103101e18e7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨水泥#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101718, encryptionId=b103101e18e7, topicName=骨水泥)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b952312, createdName=zhs3882, createdTime=Thu Oct 14 01:02:37 CST 2021, time=2021-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-10-14 zhs3882