J Behav Decis Making:吃亏不仅有精神现报而且有物质后报

2017-12-09 中国科学院行为科学重点实验室 李纾研究组 沈丝楚 中科院心理所

在现实世界的决策中,我们时常会采取或接受一个明显导致损失的选项,例如选择“无酬加班”这种“吃亏”行为。

在现实世界的决策中,我们时常会采取或接受一个明显导致损失的选项,例如选择“无酬加班”这种“吃亏”行为。主流决策理论从不将此解释或预测为我们主动做出的选择行为,因此我们尚不清楚应该如何解释此类选择行为,反倒是中国古语“吃亏是福”,不仅对选择单一损益选项的决策行为进行了阐释,而且大力推崇这类行为。

那么,为什么这一古老的信念能得以流传并被社会所接纳?为什么人们愿意主动选择“吃亏”?“吃亏”是能够带来现实中的真金白银,还是只是个神话传说?

近日,中国科学院行为科学重点实验室李纾研究组与山东师范大学的赵翠霞博士共同探讨吃亏倾向和福报之间的关系,揭示“吃亏是福”这一古语的现实价值。

为探索“吃亏是福”的作用机制,研究者基于世界成功人士的吃亏轶事,编制量表用于测量“吃亏似然性”。之后,研究者进一步探索了“吃亏”和“福报”之间的关联,即验证在选择吃亏之后,人们能否真的在一个不可预期的生活情境中得到好回报(获益)。

具体而言,“福”可分为“物质”与“精神”之福,“报”的时间可分为“现在”与“将来”,研究者分别从这两个角度对吃亏和福报的关系进行了探索。研究结果表明,被试的吃亏似然性得分能够正向预测其社会经济地位指数和主观幸福感,且年龄调节了吃亏似然性得分与社会经济地位指数之间的关系(图1)。然而,这一效应并不存在于吃亏似然性得分和主观幸福感之间。进一步回溯研究的结果表明,回忆的过去吃亏似然性得分与现在高水平的社会经济地位指数相关,且这一效应伴随回忆时间点与现在时间间隔的增长而增强(图2),即回溯的过去吃亏似然性得分对将来社会经济地位指数的预测作用表现出时间滞后性和累积效应,但这一效应并未在吃亏似然性和精神获益之间出现。



图1 年龄在吃亏似然性得分对社会经济地位预测作用上的调节效应



图2 回溯的吃亏似然性得分对社会经济地位的预测作用。
不同颜色的线条分别对应于3组毕业年限不同的校友:1年(绿色),10-13年(紫色),20+年(蓝色)

研究结果表明,吃亏不仅会带来当下的精神福报,而且会带来现在和将来的物质福报,提示“吃亏是福”不是传说,而是货真价实的现实。

研究提供了现实世界中洞察短视决策和长视决策关系的新视角。一方面,于国家管理者和政策制定者而言,来自于“吃亏是福”的决策方法可启发他们努力平衡经济增长和环境保护的关系,促进可持续发展和绿色生活方式;另一方面,于个人而言,这些发现可启迪初步踏入社会的年轻人,选择他们终身受用的生存法则。

原始出处:
Cui-Xia Zhao, et al. Suffering a Loss Is Good Fortune: Myth or Reality? Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. Nov 2017.

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    2017-12-11 qjddjq
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    2017-12-10 虈亣靌

    不错的.学习了!谢谢分享!

    0