Asian J Psychiat: 抗精神病药导致的恶性综合征需要更广泛的诊断标准

2017-09-16 佚名 大话精神

抗精神病药导致的恶性综合征(Neuroleptic malignant syndrome,NMS)是指与使用抗精神病药物相关的特异性严重不良反应。本篇文章从临床角度调查NMS研究领域的最新进展。临床经验和积累的证据强调,在检测NMS的“非典型症状”时,在存在核心症状的情况下用更广泛的诊断标准检测则会更加敏感。临床医生对服用“非典型”抗精神病药物的患者中出现的“非典型”NMS特征应加以足够重视。


抗精神病药导致的恶性综合征(Neuroleptic malignant syndrome,NMS)是指与使用抗精神病药物相关的特异性严重不良反应。近期,《Asian Journal of Psychiatry》上的一篇以“Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: A neuro-psychiatric emergency: Recognition, prevention, and management”为题的文章从临床角度调查NMS研究领域的最新进展

临床实践中主要使用的是非典型抗精神病药,我们看到的也多为NMS的“非典型”特征。在非典型特征中,高热和/或肌肉僵直的症状可能不存在,或者症状较轻,发展较为缓慢。在这种情况下,采用DSM-5标准进行诊断,可能难以做出明确的诊断,因此延迟了正常的治疗,导致NMS过程延长,并增加并发症的风险。


文献中有很多报道的病例没有NMS的经典特征,比如高热或肌肉僵直。因此,在这种亟需快速诊断和治疗的情况下,需要更广泛的NMS诊断标准,而不仅仅通过发热或肌肉僵硬进行判断,当然,这也可能出现不正确的诊断,导致潜在的有效药物过早停药,从而导致阴性临床结果。Levenson提出了这样一个标准,即便不存在肌肉僵直,依旧可以判断为NMS,如果出现CK变化,则更容易出现非典型症状。


NMS的非典型症状,特别是与D2受体部分激动剂阿立哌唑等药物引起的NMS的病理生理学被广泛接受,其下丘脑和黑质纹状体中的多巴胺D2受体受到阻滞。此外,除了多巴胺能(例如五羟色胺能、肾上腺素能和胆碱能)等受体也在NMS的病理生理学中发挥作用,已知这些受体主要参与锥体外系运动、体温调节、肌肉代谢以及精神状态等机体活动。已经提出在交感神经系统内去除补体抑制会引起交感肾上腺过度活跃,这也可以解释具有较低D2亲和力的药物会引起NMS的发生。也有假设认为黑质纹状体途径中的5-HT2受体阻断增加了该区域的多巴胺释放,从而降低了锥体外系症状。


最近对第二代抗精神病药物和NMS的综述发现155例病例报告,其中奥氮平42例,利培酮44例,氯氮平36例,阿立哌唑14例,氨磺必利7例,齐拉西酮6例,帕利哌酮4例,佐替平4例,还包括其他抗精神病药物,如哌罗匹隆、氯噻平、硫必利、伊潘立酮、阿塞那平和瑞莫必利。


临床表现的比较显示,氯氮平的肌肉僵直和震颤的发生率较低,阿立哌唑的高热发生率较低。病例分析发现,145例NMS病例中有致死性的病例共8例,与第一代抗精神病药物的NMS致死率相比(10-20%),第二代抗精神病药的死亡率(5.5%)显着较低。


总之,临床经验和积累的证据强调,NMS在严重程度、病理学和病程上是异质性的。在检测NMS的“非典型症状”时,在存在核心症状的情况下用更广泛的诊断标准检测则会更加敏感。临床医生对服用“非典型”抗精神病药物的患者中出现的“非典型”NMS特征应加以足够重视。


原始出处:

Raj Velamoor, et al. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: A neuro-psychiatric emergency: Recognition, prevention, and management. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. Oct 2017, Vol 29.

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    2018-06-20 luwei00
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    2017-09-19 sunfeifeiyang

    同意

    0

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