Spine J:止痛药物可改善部分慢性腰痛患者的功能

2014-06-13 伊文 丁香园

生物心理社会模式常应用于慢性腰痛(chronic low back pain,CLBP)患者的治疗和评估,这一模式认为CLBP患者的疼痛感觉和功能受到生物医学、心理和社会因素的综合影响,肌肉、椎间盘、韧带等组织受到损害时常产生疼痛感觉信号,该信号在外周和中枢神经系统中级联扩大导致神经系统中疼痛调节系统的变化,引起痛觉过敏。 在组织愈合或未受到损害的情况下痛觉过敏仍会引起CLBP患者慢性疼痛,

生物心理社会模式常应用于慢性腰痛(chronic low back pain,CLBP)患者的治疗和评估,这一模式认为CLBP患者的疼痛感觉和功能受到生物医学、心理和社会因素的综合影响,肌肉、椎间盘、韧带等组织受到损害时常产生疼痛感觉信号,该信号在外周和中枢神经系统中级联扩大导致神经系统中疼痛调节系统的变化,引起痛觉过敏。

在组织愈合或未受到损害的情况下痛觉过敏仍会引起CLBP患者慢性疼痛,但出现上述变化精确的机制尚不明确。众所周知慢性疼痛可使日常活动受限,但疼痛程度与功能受限之间的关系是间接并且十分复杂,这种间接性和复杂性体现在焦虑、恐惧、处事风格和疼痛认知等心理因素在二者之间的调节作用。

荷兰治疗指南中指出需给予非特异性腰痛患者间或( w周)止痛治疗,根据疼痛程度采取阶梯疗法(由轻到重分别为对乙酰氨基酚、非甾体抗炎药、二者联合应用、曲马多和其他阿片类药物,治疗的目标是缓解疼痛和改善功能。曲马多具有弱阿片受体的亲和力、单胺类活性,属于WHO阶梯止痛治疗的第二阶,曲马多或与对乙酰氨基酚合用时均能缓解CLBP疼痛、改善自觉功能。

但是疼痛缓解的程度与功能改善之间的关系尚不明确,既往回顾性研究显示静滴阿片类药物短期内可以改善腰痛患者的功能,但口服止痛药物对于功能的影响尚不明确,为此格罗宁根大学医学中心的Henrica R等人探讨了联合应用曲马多与对乙酰氨基酚时对CLBP患者活动能力、功能改善、疼痛缓解程度等方面的影响,并将结果发表于近期的Eur Spine J上。

Henrica R教授等人探索性的采用了一种随机、安慰剂对照的临床研究方法,研究对象是Groningen 疼痛康复中心中预约康复治疗的门诊患者。纳入标准包括:腰痛持续时间>3个月,疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)最痛评分≥4.0cm,年龄>18岁。应用功能评分、疼痛强度评分、Roland Morris残疾问卷对治疗前(T0)和治疗后(T1,亚组分别为治疗后疼痛总体上缓解的患者和未改善者)的评估结果进行统计分析。

同时对患者的特点和心理特征进行个体化的评估。最终50名患者被纳入研究并随机分为治疗组和安慰剂组(为期2周),药物采用的是对乙酰氨基酚/曲马多(胶囊规格分别为325mg/37.5mg),最大剂量分别为1,950 mg /日和225 mg/日,治疗组与安慰剂组剂量完全相同,监测患者的依从性和药物的副作用,同时比较组间。组内的疗效差异。



图1:研究流程图

表1:纳入研究的50例患者人口统计学信息,治疗组与安慰剂组
之间的患者的性别等差异无统计学意义


表2 研究过程中治疗组与安慰剂组药物服用情况


研究结果如下:治疗组中的一例患者失访,余49例患者完成了本次研究。主要评估结果显示治疗组和安慰剂组的疗效差异不显著。亚组分析显示治疗组中的10例(42%,作者称之为“有反应者”)患者的疼痛总体上得到了缓解并自觉功能得到了改善(p<0.05),此类患者的不良评分(catastrophizing scores)显著减少。

表3:治疗组与安慰剂组在治疗前(T0)后(T1)各评估
指标变化情况,统计分析发现两组患者在治疗后疗效均无显著改善


表4:治疗组中10名有反应(responders,自觉疼痛得到缓解)
患者评估指标变化情况,其中只有Roland Morris 残疾问卷这一项差异有统计学意义



总体上来说CLBP患者服用止痛药后疗效不显著,差异无统计学意义,但是亚组分析显示,某些患者自觉治疗后功能得到了改善,不良评分有明显降低。因此作者认为药物止痛治疗可以作为CLBP患者综合治疗中一项重要的选择,关键是区分哪些患者可以从口服止痛药中获益。

原始出处:

Schiphorst Preuper HR1, Geertzen JH, van Wijhe M, Boonstra AM, Molmans BH, Dijkstra PU, Reneman MF.Do analgesics improve functioning in patients with chronic low back pain? An explorative triple-blinded RCT.Eur Spine J. 2014 Apr;23(4):800-6. doi: 10.1007/s00586-014-3229-7. Epub 2014 Feb 15.

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    2022-03-15 胡国宏
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    2014-12-04 mgqwxj
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腰痛(LBP)是指一组以下背、腰骶和臀部疼痛和不适为主要症状的综合症,是康复医学、临床医学和运动医学等领域的常见疾病。在美国,流行病学调查研究表明LBP是仅次于上呼吸道疾患而就诊的第二位常见临床症状。  慢性LBP是指除外肿瘤、结核、类风湿性关节炎、强直性脊柱炎、脊柱侧弯、感染、骨质疏松等疾病引起的腰背部疼痛。据统计,在成年人中,约90%曾有过LBP的经历,50%经历复发性背痛,10%发