Nat Microbiol:首次!科学家鉴定出能调节胆固醇水平的肠道细菌

2022-08-26 中国生物技术网 中国生物技术网

胆固醇硫酸盐是人体中重要的类固醇硫酸酯,发挥多种重要的生理作用。

肠道微生物组(即肠道菌群)是机体内最大的细菌“蓄水池”,对宿主健康具有一系列重要影响。众所周知,人如其食。饮食与肠道菌群唇齿相依,是决定肠道健康进而影响宿主健康的关键因素。例如:膳食脂肪摄入决定了肠道菌群的结构。然而,不同种类的脂肪(如胆固醇)如何与特定肠道细菌相互作用,并引起宿主的健康变化,科学家们对此仍知之甚少。

北京时间8月19日,发表在Nature Microbiology上的一项最信研究中,来自康奈尔大学的研究团队使用了他们开发的新方法首次鉴定出与胆固醇相互作用并产生重要重要分子的肠道细菌。该研究为研究膳食-微生物组在多个系统中的相互作用,以及开发特定饮食疗法提供了重要信息。

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相信大家对胆固醇已经很熟悉了,它是血液中呈蜡状存在的脂质。胆固醇很容易在体内产生,或从饮食中获得,或通过肝脏从头生物合成获得。适量的胆固醇可以帮助动物在肝脏中产生胆汁、维生素D和激素,并构建健康的细胞壁。但过量摄入饱和脂肪(多来自红肉、加工肉、动物内脏等)和反式脂肪会导致肝脏过度产生胆固醇,然后胆固醇会沉积在血管壁上,并逐渐形成斑块,从而增加了心脑血管疾病的风险。

此前有研究发现,肠道菌群也在宿主相关的胆固醇生物学中发挥了作用,并表征了肠道微生物将胆固醇转化为名为coprostanol的化合物。人类受试者粪便中coprostanol丰度增加与健康的脂质谱有关。然而,负责与膳食胆固醇相互作用的肠道细菌菌种身份仍难以捉摸。

为了找到它们,在这项新研究中,该团队使用了他们最新开发的生物正交标记排序序列光谱法(BOSSS)。该方法可以让研究人员追踪哪些肠道细菌正在与胆固醇相互作用,然后通过流式细胞荧光分选(FACS)将与胆固醇相互作用的细菌从不发生作用的肠道细菌中分离出来,并且可以从化学过程中发现与胆固醇相互作用的细菌产生了哪些分子。

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通过BOSSS技术,研究人员首次发现拟杆菌属(Bacteroides spp.)就是代谢胆固醇的特定菌种,并确定BT_0416是拟杆菌属成员Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron中负责将胆固醇转化为胆固醇-3-硫酸盐(Cholesterol-3-sulfate)的酶。

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胆固醇硫酸盐是人体中重要的类固醇硫酸酯,发挥多种重要的生理作用。研究人员指出,虽然还需要更多研究,但早期的线索已表明,胆固醇硫酸盐是涉及婴儿健康和发育、调节免疫细胞和消化等一系列生物途径的信号分子。

随后,研究人员为无菌小鼠定植了缺乏BT_0416酶的工程B.thetaiotaomicron菌株。实验结果显示,这些小鼠的肠道菌群不能产生胆固醇硫酸盐;而定植正常B.thetaiotaomicron 的无菌小鼠肠道可以产生胆固醇硫酸盐。而且,在小鼠体内,B.thetaiotaomicron 有助于调节血液中的胆固醇水平。

长期以来,饮食、外源生物和微生物衍生代谢产物的硫酸盐化一直被认为是由肝脏解毒驱动的宿主过程;但这项研究揭示了一个以前未被表征的由肠道细菌硫酸盐化外源代谢物的例子。

研究人员表示,虽然大多数胆固醇是由肝脏产生的,但大约五分之一的胆固醇来自动物源性食物。这一发现对母乳提供适当营养的重要性具有重要的参考意义,并

还有望带来新的疗法,包括有针对性的饮食、益生菌或从这些细菌产生的分子中提取的新药物,所有这些都可以减少现有药物带来的一系列副作用。

该研究通讯作者、康奈尔大学营养科学系Elizabeth Johnson教授说:“当我们考虑胆固醇代谢和心血管健康时,可能有办法使用微生物组来调节胆固醇或其他相关脂质的水平。”

总的来说,该研究结果表明B.thetaiotaomicron生物合成的胆固醇硫酸盐可能通过许多靶点调节宿主健康状态,因此值得进一步研究。

目前,该团队已经开始研究那些生物途径可能需要胆固醇-3-硫酸盐才能发挥正常作用。

原始出处:

Le HH, Lee MT, Besler KR, Comrie JMC, Johnson EL.Characterization of interactions of dietary cholesterol with the murine and human gut microbiome.Nat Microbiol. 2022 Aug 18. doi: 10.1038/s41564-022-01195-9

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    2022-12-27 sunylz
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    2022-10-03 liye789132251
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    2022-11-08 xjy02
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    2022-08-26 小小医者

    这离产业化,只有一步之了,这种研究价值极大!#肠道菌群#的开发应该是这样,鉴定出特定的菌群,可以开发出#益生菌#或药物,都是极有前途的。

    0

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