Lancet:王辰院士团队分享方舱医院经验

2020-04-03 李晨阳 科学网微信公号

截至北京时间4月3日12点30分,全球新冠肺炎累计确诊病例突破101万——在病毒肆虐的洪流中,人类需要能托举生命的“诺亚方舟”。

截至北京时间4月3日12点30分,全球新冠肺炎累计确诊病例突破101万——在病毒肆虐的洪流中,人类需要能托举生命的“诺亚方舟”。

4月2日,中国工程院院士王辰带领的团队在《柳叶刀》发文,向全世界分享了中国方舱医院的建设和管理经验。

在国内疫情告急之时,王辰提出建立方舱医院这一关键之举。3月30日,他和美国同行分享抗“疫”经验时表示,“方舱医院是武汉抗击疫情的关键措施,我希望这种模式能为更多国家增强应对新冠肺炎的能力。”

如今,全球疫情告急,方舱医院能否同样成为扭转局势的制胜法宝?


为何要用“方舱医院”取代“居家隔离”?

即便疫情急剧升温,包括英国在内的许多国家仍在实行轻症患者居家隔离的政策。

在我国疫情的早期阶段,也曾有专家建议轻症患者居家隔离,但这一举措最终被放弃。为何要用方舱医院取代居家隔离?

王辰等人在上述论文中指出,“有很多原因”:

首先,居家隔离使患者的家庭成员处于危险之中。中国早期流行病学证据显示,半数以上的新冠病毒感染患者至少有一名家庭成员同患此病,75%~80%的聚集感染就发生在家庭内部。

第二,居家隔离会给患者带来很大的心理压力,因为他们知道,他们正把自己最关心的人置于风险之中。

第三,居家隔离很难做到完全有效,因为它很难得到严格执行。病人可能会打破强制行为,甚至外出办事、娱乐、锻炼。

第四,新冠肺炎患者可能在短时间内由轻中症恶化为重症甚至危重症,需要迅速转介到医院治疗。而居家隔离显然难以密切监测患者病情进展并及时转诊。

“中国需要一种新方法来控制武汉的新冠肺炎突发事件。”论文写道。事实证明,这种全新的方法——方舱医院,成为扭转武汉保卫战战局的关键一棋。

病人入院前(A)和入院后(B)的方舱医院

方舱医院3大特色、5大功能

王辰等人在论文中提出,方舱医院虽然有一些历史先例,如临时医院、应急野战医院、应急避难所、医院隔离病房等,但与以往用于控制突发公共卫生事件的设施相比,它还具有3种不同的特点和5种不同的功能。

三大特点:

1.施工快。由于方舱医院主要由体育场馆或展览中心等现有设施改造,因此可以在很短时间内建成。

2.规模大。短短3周内建成的16家方舱医院,能提供1.3万张床位。截至2020年3月10日,这些方舱医院已为约1.2万名患者提供了护理服务。

3.成本低。将已有公共场所改造成方舱医院可以避免昂贵的基建费用。同样,一旦疫情消退,这些建筑可以恢复到原来的用途。

此外,与传统医院相比,方舱医院需要的医生和护士更少。

 

武汉方舱医院的位置和规模(圆圈大小与病床数量成正比)

五大功能:

1.隔离。方舱医院建设之前,武汉成千上万轻中症患者被送回家隔离。这些患者通常比重症患者更活跃,与他人的接触也更多,从而增加了传播的可能性,并将家庭和社区成员置于危险之中。

2.分类。方舱医院为新冠病毒感染患者提供了一个战略性的分流功能,保证重症和危重症患者优先获得更高级别医院的医疗服务,同时为占比约80%的轻中症患者提供适当的医疗服务。

3.基本医疗服务。包括抗病毒、退烧、抗生素治疗;补充氧气和静脉输液;心理健康咨询。

4.频繁监测和迅速转诊。医护人员通过每天多次测量呼吸频率、体温、氧饱和度和血压来确定病情的进展。若患者符合一定临床标准,则迅速转到指定的较高级别医院就诊。

5.满足基本生活和社交需求。除住宿、食品、卫生等基本生活需求和医疗服务外,医护人员还为患者提供情感支持,患者可以一起吃饭、看电视、跳舞、阅读甚至庆祝生日。

论文作者表示,方舱医院在应收尽收的同时,极大缓解了更高级别医院的资源压力。从2月4日(第一家方舱医院开舱前)到2月22日(16家方舱医院均开始收治患者),传统医院的空床率从4%提高到16%。

方舱医院的3大特点和5种功能

方舱医院需要5大支撑

王辰等人还在论文中提出,方舱医院需要一系列支持性策略和方案。

1.人力资源

高效的方舱医院需要更多医护工作者的加盟。中国动员了全国各地的医护人员驰援湖北,以至于方舱医院的大多数医护人员都来自湖北以外地区。这些医护人员入舱前,都接受了严格的培训。

2.沟通和公众参与

中国很早就意识到,强有力的沟通和公众参与将是确保民众了解并支持方舱医院的关键。中国政府发布公告,召开新闻发布会,向公众介绍方舱医院。政府官员和医护工作者接受采访,并解释医院的目的和功能。方舱医院运行后不久,患者和医护人员就开始在传统媒体和社交媒体上分享他们在医院的种种经历。

3.政府管理

中国政府成立由李克强总理领导的中央应对新冠肺炎疫情工作领导小组,以及由副总理率领的中央赴湖北指导组。中国还建立了国务院联合防控机制,协调跨部门的疫情防控工作。中央赴湖北指导组决定建设方舱医院,国家卫健委指导设计实施。最后,武汉市新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情防控指挥部建设了方舱医院,并管理其日常运行。

4.预防院内感染

为降低方舱医院的院内感染风险,所有患者入院前都必须接受检测(新冠病毒检测呈阳性且流感病毒检测阴性)。在医院里,病人被要求戴上口罩以降低传染风险。对卫生工作者进行强化培训,制定标准操作程序和规程,指导防护设备的使用,并分隔出防护区、半洁净区和洁净区。

5.隐私

方舱医院使用隔板分隔出类似病房的空间,男性和女性居住在不同的区域。例如一家方舱医院里,女性住在一楼,男性住在二楼。

方舱医院区域和通道示意图

已协助多国构思建设方舱医院

王辰等人在论文最后总结说,随着疫情在全球蔓延,新冠肺炎患者急剧增多。很多国家的传统医院面临床位短缺的困境。

例如,在意大利,一些地方政府已要求医院管理者腾出重症监护室床位,来收治新冠肺炎病人,并将非急需施行的手术减少了70%。截至3月10日,意大利超过80%的医院床位都被新冠肺炎患者占据。

病毒无国界,人类共命运。

目前,中国已开始支持意大利、伊朗、塞尔维亚等国家制定新冠疫情的防控政策,并协助各国根据本国国情构思建设方舱医院。

具体方式包括将方舱医院的所有政策、管理手册和临床指南翻译成多国语言,并派遣具有援建、运营方舱医院直接经验的专家,为多国和地方政府提供咨询服务。

美国、英国和西班牙等也正在实施类似方舱医院的措施。

王辰院士团队进一步提醒:“包括撒哈拉以南非洲和亚洲在内的许多其他国家可能也需要采取这些措施,以确保有效地隔离和照顾大量轻症到中症的感染患者。

原始出处:
Prof Till Bärnighausen, et al. Fangcang shelter hospitals: a novel concept for responding to public health emergencies .Lancet .Published:April 02, 2020

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    2020-12-07 lifefamily

    #王辰#有水平的院士!

    0

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    2020-08-27 14818eb4m67暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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    2020-06-08 howi
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    2020-04-04 junJUN

    院士是学术至高点,也是大家必争之地呀

    0

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